<p>The TWA Flight Center, also known as the Trans World Flight Center, is an airport terminal and hotel complex at John F. Kennedy International Airport  in New York City. The original terminal building, or head house, operated as a terminal from 1962 to 2001 and was adaptively repurposed in 2017 as part of the TWA Hotel. The head house is partially encircled by a replacement terminal building completed in 2008, and flanked by two buildings added for the hotel. The replacement terminal is home to JetBlue&#39;s JFK operations. The head house and terminal are collectively known as Terminal 5 or T5.</p><br>
<p>The TWA Flight Center was designed for Trans World Airlines by Eero Saarinen and Associates starting in 1956. It was erected between 1959 and 1962, and it operated as an air terminal until 2001. It has a prominent wing-shaped thin shell roof supported by four Y-shaped piers. An open three-level space with tall windows originally offered views of departing and arriving jets. Two tube-shaped red-carpeted departure-arrival corridors extended outward from the terminal, connecting to the gates; these would be demolished for the 2008 addition. Roche-Dinkeloo, a successor firm to Saarinen&#39;s company, designed an expansion in 1970. Its design received much critical acclaim; the interior and the exterior of the head house became New York City designated landmarks in 1994, and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>The encircling Terminal 5 addition, designed by Gensler, was built between 2005 and 2008. It consists of the 26 active gates at Terminal 5, as well as numerous restaurants and stores. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ), which operates JFK Airport, had once intended the original structure as an entrance to the replacement terminal. That plan did not happen, and the TWA Hotel was instead constructed between 2015 and 2019; its development entailed renovating the disused head house and adding two adjacent buildings.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The head house of the TWA Flight Center, designed by Eero Saarinen and his associates, is a pioneering example of thin-shell construction, consisting of a reinforced concrete shell roof supported at the corners. The design incorporates elements of the Futurist, Neo-futurist, Googie and Fantastic architectural styles. It is located at the middle of a curve in one of JFK Airport&#39;s service roads, in front of the elevated AirTrain JFK people mover. The key collaborators from the Saarinen office included Kevin Roche, Cesar Pelli, Norman Pettula, and Edward Saad. Warren Platner was largely responsible for the interiors. To engineer the roof, Saarinen collaborated with Charles S. Whitney and Boyd G. Anderson of the firm Ammann & Whitney. The general contractor was Grove Shepherd Wilson & Kruge.</p><br>
<p>The Terminal 5 (also known as T5) addition, which is connected to the TWA Flight Center, is a 625,000 ft&sup2; facility designed by Gensler. It contains 26 gates that can accommodate 250 flights per day, and 20 million passengers annually.</p><br>
<h3>Form</h3><br>
<p>The form of the TWA Flight Center&#39;s head house is designed to relate to its small wedge-shaped site, with walkways and gates placed at acute angles. Radiating out from the head house are two departure-arrival passenger tubes extending southeast and northeast.</p><br>
<p>The current JetBlue terminal and the TWA Hotel buildings are located east of the original head house. The terminals entry hall is composed of two arms that wrap around the TWA Flight Centers head house in a crescent shape. The two passenger tubes from the original design were retained, but the original gate structures were destroyed. T5 contains 26 gates.</p><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<h4>Roof</h4><br>
<p>The TWA Flight Center&#39;s head house is a two-story structure. The upward-slanting shells reach up to 75 ft above ground level. The rooftop shells converge at the center, where each of the four shells supports the others. Four Y-shaped piers support the roof, facing the front and back; these measure 51 ft tall by 315 ft long.</p><br>
<p>The roof concrete varies in thickness from 7 in at the edges to 40 in at the convergence of the four shells. The roof weighs 6,000 ST in total. The roof shells are cantilevered by up to 80 ft and contain steel reinforcement to accommodate the roof&#39;s weight.</p><br>
<h4>Facade</h4><br>
<p>The main portion of the head house&#39;s facade is made of large green-tinted glass walls. These glass walls were coated with a dark purple mylar film before 2005. Single-story wings extend outward from the main terminal to the north and south and contain several door openings within the concave walls. Inside these wings are maintenance areas.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<h4>Original head house</h4><br>
<p>The head house contains two full stories, as well as an intermediate level, which is joined to the lower level by a central staircase and to the upper level by four peripheral staircases. Ceramic tiles line the walls and floors. The intermediate level contains an area facing east, where passengers could originally see the tarmac. By the early 1990s, to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, a switchback ramp had been added between the lower level and the intermediate level.</p><br>
<p>The ticket counter and baggage claim areas were placed at ground level, on the other side of the curbside canopy, to maximize convenience for passengers. There are also mechanical, service, and office areas in a partial basement under the intermediate level, as well as a tunnel that led to Flight Wing 1.</p><br>
<p>A concrete balcony on the upper floor spans the central staircase from the lower floor to the intermediate level. The TWA operated its Ambassador Club on the northern (left) portion of the upper floor. There were also offices on the upper level, north and south of the public areas.</p><br>
<h4>Terminal 5 and TWA Hotel</h4><br>
<p>Terminal 5 has a 55,000 ft&sup2; retail area with 22 food and drink concessions, 35 stores, As the first airline terminal at JFK designed after the September 11, 2001, attacks, T5 contains 20 security lanes, one of the largest checkpoints in a USA airline terminal.</p><br>
<p>Two buildings, north and south of the newer T5 structure, encircle the original head house to the east. These buildings are part of the TWA Hotel, which has 512 guest rooms, 40,000 ft2 feet of meeting space, and an observation deck of 10,000 ft2. The hotel is outside the sterile area of Terminal 5, meaning that visitors can only access the hotel before going through T5 security or after arrival at T5.</p><br>
<h4>Passageways</h4><br>
<p>The two passageways leading from the head house are completely enclosed and cross a service roadway that serves T5 and the TWA Hotel. The passageway leading southeast was called Flight Tube 2, while the passageway leading northeast was called Flight Tube 1. These tubes are covered in concrete, with an elliptical cross section as well as indirect lighting. Original plans called for the passageways to be designed as bridges with glass ceilings; each passage would have two moving walkways, one in each direction, with a stationary hallway in between. As a cost-saving measure, the passageways were ultimately not designed with moving walkways.</p><br>
<p>The tubes originally led to Flight Wings 1 and 2. The passages were 6 ft higher at the flight wings than at the head houses. Flight Tube 1 was about 232 ft long while Flight Tube 2 was 272 ft long.</p><br>
<h4>Flight wings</h4><br>
<p>Flight Tube 2 connected to Flight Wing 2, from the 1962 Saarinen design, while Flight Tube 1 connected to Flight Wing 1, from a 1967–1970 expansion designed by successor firm Roche-Dinkeloo. Both sections were characterized as being "violin"-shaped, with jetways extending outward from the end of each wing. The flight wings had a base made of concrete and plaster, as well as a passenger concourse cantilevered above the base.</p><br>
<p>Flight Wing 2, shaped like a multi-sided polygon, was the smaller of the two structures, with seven gates; it contained utilitarian decor as well as a small flight operation center above the passenger area. Two bridges led to departure lounges (labeled gates 39 and 42), which could both fit 100 passengers; these had a red-and-oyster color scheme with furnishings. Flight Wing 1 was much larger than Flight Wing 2, having been built to accommodate Boeing 747 jumbo jets, and had 10 gates. Flight Wing 1 contained four levels, which served passengers, Federal Inspection Services, and operations; there were also baggage claim carousels in Flight Wing 1&#39;s basement, connected to the head house via people mover. Both flight wings were demolished with the construction of T5 in the 2000s.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>New York International Airport, also known as Idlewild Airport, began construction in 1943 on the site of the Idlewild Beach Golf Course in southern Queens, and had been operating since 1948 with a single terminal building and a control tower. The following year, Transcontinental and Western Airlines (TWA) signed a lease with the Port of New York Authority (later the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, or PANYNJ), which operated Idlewild Airport. TWA had begun flying internationally in 1946 from New York&#39;s LaGuardia Airport with flights to Paris, London, Rome, Athens, Cairo, Lisbon, and Madrid. In 1950, as both a domestic and international carrier, the former Transcontinental and Western Airlines changed its name to Trans World Airlines. By 1954, Idlewild had the highest volume of international air traffic of any airport globally.</p><br>
<h3>Development</h3><br>
<p>In 1955, the "Terminal City" master plan was developed for Idlewild Airport. All of the major airlines, including TWA, would build their own terminals, while smaller airlines would be served from an International Arrivals Building. When the locations of each airlines terminal was announced, TWA and Pan Am were each assigned a spot on one side of the International Airlines Building. TWAs hangar was on the opposite side of its assigned lot. Even though Saarinen&#39;s firm was simultaneously working on 15 other projects, he agreed to take the commission.</p><br>
<h4>Planning and design</h4><br>
<p>Eero Saarinen&#39;s wife Aline recalled that her husband saw most other air terminals as being ugly, shoddy, and inconvenient. Damon sought for "the spirit of flight" to be encapsulated in the design.</p><br>
<p>The Saarinen team started devising designs for the terminals form in February 1956. One of Saarinens original designs was sketched on the back of a restaurant menu, when he and Aline were eating dinner with Time magazine&#39;s associate editor Cranston Jones. Unhappy with initial designs, Saarinen asked TWA for more time and took an additional year to resolve the design. Roche said that one initial design had called for an oval shell upon four piers, but that Saarinen had rejected that plan as awkward. Furthermore, engineer Abba Tor had warned that a single slab of concrete might crack.</p><br>
<p>Saarinens team first created 3D models of the planned terminal, then drew sketches of the structure; this contrasted with the design processes of more traditional buildings, in which architects drew sketches before creating their 3D models. constructed at various scales. The final model for the shell may have been inspired by one of Saarinens breakfasts, a grapefruit that he pushed down at the center.</p><br>
<p>The interior was modeled next; since the space was to be symmetrical, Saarinens team only created drawings for half the interior. Roche said the area around the center staircase was remodeled at least ten times. In addition to around 130 possible plans created by the Saarinen office for the terminal, contractors provided hundreds of their own drawings. Cross-sections and contour maps were also devised. The drawings took some 5,500 man-hours to produce, and they were accurate to about 1/8 in. Saarinens team had devised 600 sketches of the building, but only 200 of these sketches were used in the final design. The resulting plan was characterized as providing a "smooth and luxurious switch from ground transportation to planes".</p><br>
<h4>Final plans and construction</h4><br>
<p>By November 1957, TWA had announced a design with a projected cost of $12 million (equivalent to $ million in ). The passageways were to have a glazed roof and moving walkways in the original plan, but these features were absent in the final construction, and two "arms" flanking the head house had been removed.</p><br>
<p>Construction began in June 1959, A grid was devised to manage the steel-pipe scaffolding at the construction site, and 5,500 supports were used in the scaffolding. The contractors also prefabricated 27 different wedge shapes, creating 2,500 wedges in total. Grove Shepherd Wilson & Kruge constructed the shells to the specifications outlined in Saarinen&#39;s contour maps, which were precise to intervals of 1 ft. Although the project employed carpenters with "no special skill", the procedures were precise enough that they allowed for a maximum deviation of only 0.25 in from the plan. The roof was poured as a single form starting on August 31, 1960; the work took 120 hours. The Y-shaped piers required hundreds of additional drawings to fabricate. By the middle of that year, the contractors were partially relying on computer calculations to complete the project.</p><br>
<p>By the end of 1960, the roof was fully supported by the four Y-shaped piers, and the scaffolding was removed. Saarinen died later that year while undergoing surgery. His associates, principal designer Kevin Roche and John Dinkeloo formed Roche-Dinkeloo, which worked to complete the building.</p><br>
<h3>Original terminal</h3><br>
<p>By March 1962, the incomplete TWA terminal was being used by passengers to get to planes. The unfinished terminal building was also used for a fundraising benefit that April. The completed terminal was dedicated on May 28, 1962. Most other major USA airlines had completed their Idlewild terminals sooner: after the opening of the International Arrivals Building in 1957, United Airlines and Eastern Air Lines opened their own terminals in 1959, followed by American Airlines and Pan American World Airways (Worldport) in 1960, and Northwest Airlines and TWA in 1962. The airport&#39;s name was changed to John F. Kennedy International Airport in 1963. Despite being finished relatively late compared to other terminals at JFK Airport, the TWA Flight Center incorporated many novel features for its time, which influenced the design of other airport terminals.</p><br>
<p>The terminal as completed had seven aircraft positions, six of which were available from Flight Wing 2; the other boarding position was available from a temporary structure attached to Flight Tube 1. International flights at JFK during the 1960s were routed through the International Arrivals Building, and the structure attached to Flight Tube 1 was functionally inadequate. By 1967, TWA announced that it would build Flight Wing 1 on the northwest to accommodate wide-body aircraft, hiring Roche-Dinkeloo to design the $20 million expansion. Work started in 1968, and the concrete shell was finished by that December. Flight Wing 1 opened on February 25, 1970, but the wing was not dedicated until March 20, when international passengers could pass through the terminal directly. With the addition of Flight Wing 1 came the expansion of the ticketing counter in the head house. The baggage handling area was expanded, and the new addition was connected to the basement of Flight Wing 1.</p><br>
<p>By 1979, TWA had built a traffic island with a canopy to provide shelter for passengers waiting for ground transport. The shelter, constructed by firm Witthoefft & Rudolf, won the Albert S. Bard Award for architectural excellence. A wooden walkway, intended as a temporary structure, was built in the 1980s to connect to the Sundrome when TWA expanded its operations there. By 1992, the TWA Flight Center was in "tawdry condition", with parts of the structure appearing actively deteriorated. The PANYNJ considered demolishing the building, but the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) hosted public hearings in 1993 to determine whether to protect the TWA Flight Center, and the LPC designated the terminal as an exterior and interior landmark in 1994. Instead, the PANYNJ started considering plans for what would become the T5 expansion. Elastomeric coating was added to the roof in 1999 to prevent leakage.</p><br>
<p>TWA deteriorated financially during the 1990s, and after it eliminated many routes in 1996, moved most of its New York operations to the TWA Flight Center. TWA eventually sold its assets to American Airlines in October 2001. American Airlines ceased flight operations at the terminal in December 2001 and allowed its lease inherited from TWA to expire in January 2002. As a bi-state agency, the PANYNJ could legally bypass the LPC designation and demolish parts of the terminal.</p><br>
<h3>Abandonment and preservation</h3><br>
<p>After preservationists raised concerns, the PANYNJ proposed an alternative that would preserve the tubes and build a new structure east of the existing building. The PANYNJ still wished to destroy one or both of the flight wings. By August 2001, the PANYNJ presented its first proposal, which entailed converting the head house into a restaurant or conference center, while encircling the existing building with one or possibly two new terminals. The concept received opposition from the Municipal Art Society (MAS), as well as architects Philip Johnson and Robert A.M. Stern. The opposition suggested the building, which brought passengers into immediate view of the sky and aircraft beyond, would be "strangled" if wrapped by another terminal, and that wrapping the Saarinen head house with another terminal would not preserve the spirit of the building but would mummify it "like flies in amber." Philip Johnson, speaking at the 2001 presentation, said of the proposal:</p><br>
<p>By late 2002, there was still no agreement on the usage of the TWA Flight Center, except that the head house and passageways would be preserved. The following year, the PANYNJ and JetBlue agreed on a plan that would include reopening the TWA Flight Center and constructing a new 26-gate Terminal 5 behind the TWA Flight Center. At the time, JetBlue was operating out of the adjacent Terminal 6, the Sundrome, and was the airport&#39;s fastest growing carrier. The PANYNJ and JetBlue came to an agreement on the construction of the new terminal itself in August 2004.</p><br>
<p>In the time that the TWA Flight Center stood disused, it was utilized for brief events. Shortly after its closure, the head house was used for the filming of the 2002 film Catch Me If You Can. In 2004, the dormant head house briefly hosted an art exhibition called Terminal 5, featuring the work of 19 artists from 10 countries.</p><br>
<h3>Later use</h3><br>
<h4>New JetBlue terminal</h4><br>
<p>In December 2005, the PANYNJ began construction of the T5 facility behind and partially encircling Saarinens head house. Peripheral portions of the head house were demolished to make space for a larger 26-gate facility designed by Gensler. Originally, there were also tentative plans to renovate one of the departure lounges, known as The Trumpet. During the construction of T5, The Trumpet was lifted and moved at a cost of $895,000, only to be later demolished when the projects budget prioritized renovating the head house. The head house was renovated to remove asbestos and replace deteriorated sections of the facility. The head house was planned to be used as an approach to the new T5 facility, and both buildings would be collectively known as Terminal 5.</p><br>
<p>T5 reopened on October 22, 2008, or a place to check in for flights departing from the newer JetBlue T5 building.</p><br>
<h4>Conversion of head house into hotel</h4><br>
<p>In April 2015, The Wall Street Journal reported that JetBlue and its partner, a hotel developer, were negotiating for the rights to turn the head house into a hotel. Three months later, state governor Andrew Cuomo confirmed that the Saarinen building would become part of the TWA Hotel, a new on-site hotel for airport passengers. After the hotels development was announced, the historian Lori Walters used laser scanners to document the buildings architecture. Construction began in December 2016. The structures on either side of the head house were demolished, though the head house was retained, and additional structures were built. During the head house&#39;s conversion into a hotel, many original details, such as the custom ceramic floor tiles and the 486 variously-shaped window panels, were replaced with replicas of the originals. The departure board from the original construction was also restored. The hotel opened on May 15, 2019.</p><br>
<h2>Impact</h2><br>
<p>TWA had wanted a structure "represent a daring departure from conventional air terminal concepts". Under TWA president Damon&#39;s guidance, Saarinen had designed the terminal as "a building that starts your flight with your first glimpse of it and increases your anticipation after you arrive". As such, Saarinen had used similar design features on the interior and exterior. He said, "We wanted passengers passing through the building to experience a fully-designed environment in which each part arises from another and everything belongs to the same formal world."</p><br>
<h3>Reception</h3><br>
<h4>Contemporary reviews</h4><br>
<p>Shortly after the plans for the TWA Flight Center were announced in 1957, The New York Times described the plan as "hav a startling effect" for first-time visitors, but "not so revolutionary" inside. Another newspaper said the TWA terminal was "planned to combine the functional realities of a jet-age air terminal with the aesthetic drama of flight". Many contemporary media compared the terminal to "a bird in flight". despite privately describing the structure as a "Leonardo da Vinci flying machine". The architect Robert Venturi said that Saarinens designs evolved "from vocabulary rather than from function" and that, at the time, many of Saarinens peers still adhered to the philosophy of form following function.</p><br>
<p>Even when the TWA Flight Center was under construction, it was often discussed in the architectural media, and the Museum of Modern Art ran an exhibit on the building in 1959. While the TWA terminals design had several critics and skeptics, it was still described as being appropriate in the context of the Jet Age. Ken Macrorie of The Reporter compared the tarmac-facing waiting room to a railroad hubs waiting area and alluded to the similarities with the city&#39;s original Pennsylvania Station.</p><br>
<p>One major critic of the design was historian Vincent Scully, who disliked Saarinen&#39;s use of "whammo shapes" at the TWA Flight Center and Dulles International Airport. Italian engineer and architect Pier Luigi Nervi was also skeptical of the design, saying that the structure was "too heavy and elaborate for the problem it seeks to solve".</p><br>
<h4>Retrospective reviews</h4><br>
<p>Adulation for the original design continued long after its completion.</p><br>
<p>When the newer T5 was announced in 2005, JFK Airport&#39;s vice president of redevelopment described the planned structure as "a very practical, very efficient building". and a reviewer said T5 "might be the best" terminal at JFK Airport.</p><br>
<h3>Awards and landmark designations</h3><br>
<p>When the terminal was completed, it received numerous accolades and awards, including from the Queens Center of Commerce and the New York Concrete Industrial Board. Architectural Forum included the TWA Flight Center and the Pepsi-Cola Building as part of a 1962 exhibition of ten of the "world&#39;s most significant modern buildings". The American Institute of Architects gave the terminal an Award of Merit in 1963, and it was featured in magazines printed internationally. In addition, Saarinen won the AIA Gold Medal posthumously in 1962.</p><br>
<p>The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission held public hearings on the possibility of designating the TWA Flight Centers exterior and interior as official city landmarks in 1993. The head houses exterior and interior were designated as landmarks on July 19, 1994,</p><br>
<p>The Vamar is a shipwreck  near Mexico Beach, Florida, United States. It is located 3.7 miles offshore from Mexico Beach. It became the ninth Florida Underwater Archaeological Preserve when it was dedicated in 2004. On April 10, 2006, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Vamar underwent several name changes in its history:</p><br>
<p>1919 - 1920 built as a gun boat for the Royal Navy, named HMS Kilmarnock</p><br>
<p>1920 - 1923 S.S. Kilmarnock</p><br>
<p>1926 - S.S. Kilmarnock, registered Canadian</p><br>
<p>1928 - renamed the Chelsea after being sold to a private firm</p><br>
<p>1928 - 1930 Rear-Admiral Richard Byrd acquired the ship for his journey to Antarctica. He renamed the ship the Eleanor Bolling, in honor of his mother, Eleanor Bolling Byrd. During the voyage, due to rough seas, the crew nicknamed the ship the "Evermore Rolling".</p><br>
<p>1930 - sold to a seal hunting company</p><br>
<p>1933 - the Vamar Shipping Company bought the ship and renamed it the Vamar</p><br>
<p>1941 - sold to Bolivar-Atlantic Navigation Company, registered Panama</p><br>
<p>1942 - March 21, after leaving Port St. Joe, Florida carrying a load of lumber to Cuba, Vamar ran aground, capsized and sunk in heavy seas in 25 feet of water off Mexico Beach, Florida (29&deg;54&prime;N latitude, 85&deg;27&prime;W longitude) under suspicious circumstances. The pilot reported that the ship was overloaded and top heavy. Local suspicions that the ship had been sabotaged to block the channel into Port St. Joe led to a Coast Guard investigation, which was unable to verify the suspicions.</p><br>
<p>2004 - Vamar became Florida&#39;s Ninth Florida Underwater Archaeological Preserve and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Pasco County Courthouse  is a historic courthouse located at 37918 Meridian Avenue in downtown Dade City, Florida. It was designed by Atlanta-based architect Edward Columbus Hosford in the Classical Revival style. The courthouse was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on September 20, 2006.</p><br>
<p>In recent years, a Valentine&#39;s Day tradition has developed where the Pasco County Clerk offers complimentary wedding ceremonies on the steps of the historic courthouse.</p><br>
<p>(updated images coming soon, posted 11/4/2024)</p><br>
<p>The Washington Pavilion of Arts and Science opened in 1999 and houses an art gallery, concert hall, large-format theater, and science museum in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States. Its building, the former Washington High School, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Pavilion was a result of a renovation of the former building of Washington High School which was eventually moved to the northeast side of the city. The building is of Neoclassical styling and is architecturally interesting. It was designed by Sioux Falls architect Joseph Schwartz. The building&#39;s facade is created from large blocks of Sioux Quartzite, a pinkish quartzite native to the area and seen at the falls of the Big Sioux River. A small portion of the north wing is constructed of black rock which was believed to be black quartzite but is in fact corson diabase, which is hardened liquid magma.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Contents</h2><br>
<p>The Washington Pavilion of Arts and Science contains the Kirby Science Discovery Center, a massive 3 floor, regional, hands-on science experience.</p><br>
<p>The Pavilion also houses two performing arts centers, which play host to several Broadway productions, operas, dance and concert productions. The South Dakota Symphony&#39;s home also hosts dance groups as well as smaller theater and choral events.</p><br>
<p>The Visual Arts Center, hosts seven galleries of changing exhibits, and the Egger gallery which hosts the Northern Plains Tribal Art collection. The VAC hosts a variety local, regional and nationwide exhibitions, as well as Blockbuster exhibitions like Rodin, Andy Warhol, Ansel Adams and Toulouse-Lautrec. There are also many opportunities to participate in public programs like movies, panel discussions, art workshops, major events, etc. The VAC is free on Tuesdays, Saturday Mornings and the evenings of the First Friday of every month; otherwise there is a small fee.</p><br>
<p>The Wells Fargo Cinedome is a multiformat 60 ft dome theater which plays several different films per year. Virtually every space within the Pavilion is available for rent for business functions, weddings, receptions and conventions.</p><br>
<p>The Washington Pavilion during 2023 started renovations on their cinedome turning it into the Sweetman Planetarium</p><br>
<p>The Ammendale Normal Institute is a USA historic location in Beltsville, Maryland. Bought in 1880, it was a school and novitiate operated by the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools. The Ammendale area is named after the previous owner, Daniel Ammen.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the main building began in 1883 and was completed in 1884 with Thomas C. Kennedy as the leading architect.</p><br>
<h2>Religious use</h2><br>
<p>Also known as "Christian Brothers" and "Ammen Institute," the building had seen several uses over its lifetime. Though it last served as a sort of "retirement home" for aging or retired Brothers; in recent history, it was also used as an active monastery. Peter Boyle is a notable alumnus of what has been described as the monasterys boot-camp&#39;.</p><br>
<p>The main building suffered a devastating fire in April, 1998. Its ruins stood until late 2006 when what was left of the building was demolished. Ammendale was one of many historical buildings in the region with valuable real estate that was developed after a fire set to the structure, including Troy Hill (1990), Avondale Mill (1991), St. Mary&#39;s College (1997), Henryton State Hospital (2007), (2011)</p><br>
<p>In 2014, NAI Michael placed 8 acres containing the foundation of the Normal Institute and the remaining historic brick barn up for sale. The nearby St. Joseph&#39;s Catholic Chapel is a recognized historic site. There is also a parish cemetery and one for the Brothers.</p><br>
<h2>St. Joseph’s Catholic Chapel</h2><br>
<p>St. Joseph&#39;s Catholic Chapel, built in 1880, on 20 acres of land for a novitiate plus five acres for the church donated by Admiral Daniel Ammen, from whom the Ammendale name is derived. It is a front-gabled brick chapel with ornate Queen Anne detail. Jigsawn vergeboards adorn the eaves of the principal gable front, the gothic-arch windows are filled with stained glass, and the interior walls and ceilings are sheathed with pressed tin in a pattern of fleurs-de-lis, palmettes, and a rich, multicourse cornice. A large cemetery adjoins the chapel.</p><br>
<p>The Jekyll Island Club was a private club on Jekyll Island, on Georgias Atlantic coast. It was founded in 1886 when members of an incorporated hunting and recreational club purchased the island for $125,000  from John Eugene du Bignon. The original design of the Jekyll Island Clubhouse, with its signature turret, was completed in January 1888. The club thrived through the early 20th century; its members came from many of the worlds wealthiest families, most notably the Morgans, Rockefellers, and Vanderbilts. The club closed at the end of the 1942 season due to complications from World War II.</p><br>
<p>In 1947, after five years of funding a staff to keep up the lawn and cottages, the island was purchased from the club&#39;s remaining members for $675,000 (about $7.4 million in 2017) during condemnation proceedings by the state of Georgia. The state tried operating the club as a resort, but this was not financially successful, and the entire complex was closed by 1971.</p><br>
<p>The complex was designated a historic landmark in 1978.</p><br>
<p>It was restored and reopened as a luxury resort hotel in 1985. Jekyll Island Club Hotel is a member of Historic Hotels of America, the official program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation.</p><br>
<h2>Founding</h2><br>
<p>At the end of the plantation era of Jekyll Island, Newton Finney, suggested to Dubignon, his brother-in-law, that they might acquire the island and then sell it to Northern businessmen as a winter resort. A New York banker helped with the purchase of the entire island. By 1885, Dubignon was the sole owner of Jekyll.</p><br>
<p>In 1885, Finney and a New York associate, Oliver K. King, gathered a group of men and petitioned the Glynn county courts, becoming incorporated as the "Jekyl Island Club" on December 9, 1885. They agreed to sell 100 shares of the Jekyll Island Club stock to 50 people at $600 a share (about $15,000 in 2017).</p><br>
<p>Finney had no difficulty selling the shares. Six of the first seven shares went to the men who signed the charter petition: Finney, Dubignon, King, Richard L. Ogden, William B. D&#39;Wolf, and Charles L. Schlatter. In all, Finney was able to find 53 people to join the club, including such famous names as Henry Hyde, Marshall Field, John Pierpont Morgan, Joseph Pulitzer, and William K. Vanderbilt.</p><br>
<p>On February 17, 1886, Finney signed an official agreement with Dubignon, who sold Jekyll Island to Finney&#39;s Jekyll Island Club for $125,000. On April 1, 1886, a meeting was held in New York to create the constitution and by-laws, and to nominate officers for the club. The first president was Lloyd Aspinwall, vice president was Judge Henry Elias Howland, treasurer was Franklin M. Ketchum, and Richard L. Ogden became secretary. These men faced the difficult task of turning the undeveloped property into a social club for the wealthy upper class of America.</p><br>
<p>Lloyd Aspinwall served just 5 months as the club president before he died suddenly. Henry Howland then took up the position as president of the club.</p><br>
<p>Committees were formed to get the club off the ground. Charles A. Alexander of Chicago was chosen to design the clubhouse, and Horace William Shaler Cleveland, a famous landscape architect, was chosen to design and lay out the grounds.</p><br>
<p>Ground was broken on the clubhouse building in mid-August 1886. After some setbacks the clubhouse was completed on November 1. The club officially opened its doors when the executive committee arrived for the 1888 season on January 21.</p><br>
<p>Several nationally important events took place on Jekyll Island during the Club era, including the first transcontinental telephone call made by Theodore N. Vail, president of AT&T, to Alexander Graham Bell, Thomas A. Watson and President Woodrow Wilson in 1915; and the development of the Aldrich–Vreeland Act for the National Monetary Commission in 1908.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation during the club era</h2><br>
<p>The Jekyll Island Club was a unique resort, more family-oriented than the Union Club or the Chicago Club. It enjoyed great popularity among the elite classes, maintaining a highly exclusive character for 60 years.</p><br>
<p>When the club started out, hunting was a major recreational activity. A gamekeeper was hired to keep the island well-stocked with pheasants, turkeys, quail and deer.</p><br>
<p>All members were to report daily what they had killed and turn it over to the club. Wild game was a common sight on the menu of the clubhouse. A taxidermist shop was located within the club compound, specifically for mounting the prize game.</p><br>
<p>As the club grew, other recreations became popular. Golf eventually took over as the club&#39;s dominant sport. The first course was located just to the north of the Club compound. Later, in the 1920s, an ocean side course was built. A portion of this historic golf course is still intact, and can be played.</p><br>
<p>Other leisure activities included carriage driving, tennis, and bicycling.</p><br>
<h2>Role in the history of the Federal Reserve</h2><br>
<p>Jekyll Island was the location of a meeting in November 1910 in which to create a central banking system for the United States. Following the Panic of 1907, banking reform became a major issue in the United States. Senator Nelson Aldrich (R-RI), chairman of the National Monetary Commission, went to Europe for almost two years to study that continents banking systems. Upon his return, he brought together many of the countrys leading financiers to Jekyll Island to discuss monetary policy and the banking system, drafting legislation which was introduced in Congress as the "Aldrich Plan". Some ideas from the Aldrich Plan were later incorporated into the Federal Reserve Act.</p><br>
<p>On the evening of November 22, 1910, Sen. Aldrich and A.P. Andrews (Assistant Secretary of the United States Treasury Department), Paul Warburg (a naturalized German representing Kuhn, Loeb & Co.), Frank A. Vanderlip (president of the National City Bank of New York), Henry P. Davison (senior partner of J. P. Morgan Company), Charles D. Norton (president of the Morgan-dominated First National Bank of New York), and Benjamin Strong (representing J. P. Morgan), together representing about one quarter of the world&#39;s wealth at the time, left Hoboken, New Jersey on a train in complete secrecy, dropping their last names in favor of first names, or code names, so no one would discover who they all were. The excuse for such powerful representatives and wealth was to go on a duck hunting trip on Jekyll Island.</p><br>
<p>Forbes magazine founder Bertie Charles Forbes wrote several years later:</p><br>
<p>Picture a party of the nations greatest bankers stealing out of New York on a private railroad car under cover of darkness, stealthily riding hundreds of miles South, embarking on a mysterious launch, sneaking onto an island deserted by all but a few servants, living there a full week under such rigid secrecy that the names of not one of them was once mentioned, lest the servants learn the identity and disclose to the world this strangest, most secret expedition in the history of American finance. I am not romancing; I am giving to the world, for the first time, the real story of how the famous Aldrich currency report, the foundation of our new currency system, was written... The utmost secrecy was enjoined upon all. The public must not glean a hint of what was to be done. Senator Aldrich notified each one to go quietly into a private car of which the railroad had received orders to draw up on an unfrequented platform. Off the party set. New Yorks ubiquitous reporters had been foiled... Nelson (Aldrich) had confided to Henry, Frank, Paul and Piatt that he was to keep them locked up at Jekyll Island, out of the rest of the world, until they had evolved and compiled a scientific currency system for the United States, the real birth of the present Federal Reserve System, the plan done on Jekyll Island in the conference with Paul, Frank and Henry... Warburg is the link that binds the Aldrich system and the present system together. He more than any one man has made the system possible as a working reality.</p><br>
<h2>Decline and closure of the club</h2><br>
<p>The Great Depression in 1929 caused great changes on Jekyll Island. This depression touched even the very wealthy across the country and membership in an exclusive club became an extravagance. Membership dropped slowly through the 1930s as the depression continued.</p><br>
<p>With the financial situation of the club worsening, the executive committee decided to create a new level of club membership in 1933. A more affordable level of membership, the Associate membership was designed to fit the needs, and pocketbook, of anyone. It was an attempt to draw in new and younger people as well as to draw more members back to the clubhouse. This new membership did revitalize the club membership roster, although only for a brief period.</p><br>
<p>World War II was the final blow to the life of the Jekyll Island Club. The club opened as usual for the 1942 season. However, by the beginning of March it was announced there would be an early close to the season due to the club&#39;s financial situation and the strain the war had on the labor situation. The 1942 season would turn out to be the final season for the Jekyll Island Club.</p><br>
<p>There was hope by the president that the Club might be reopened after the war with renewed interest. However, in 1946 the state of Georgia entered the picture. The states revenue commissioner, Melvin E. Thompson, wanted to purchase one of Georgias barrier islands and open it to the public as a state park. Finally, on June 2, 1947, the state purchased the island through a condemnation order for $675,000 (or approximately $5,563,416 in 2003 dollars).</p><br>
<p>The club was turned into a public resort by the state, but closed by 1971, a financial failure. It was made a historic landmark in 1978 and restored and reopened as the Radisson Jekyll Island Club Hotel in 1985. Radisson ceased managing the hotel some years later, and it currently operates as the Jekyll Island Club Resort.</p><br>
<h2>List of members</h2><br>
<p>During the clubs inception, a limit of 100 members was imposed to ensure the clubs exclusiveness. During the financially difficult Great Depression period, the club began referring to its members as founders and created the new Associate Membership. This membership was purchased at a lower price, but with all of the benefits that the founders enjoyed, and limited to a total of 150.</p><br>
<p>This list includes many of the most notable members and is not exhaustive.</p><br>
<p>Associate Members:</p><br>
<p>(This class of membership was adopted in 1933)</p><br>
<h2>Presidents</h2><br>
<p>1886–1887 — Lloyd Aspinwall</p><br>
<p>1887–1896 — Henry Howland</p><br>
<p>1897–1914 — Charles Lanier</p><br>
<p>1914–1919 — Frederick Bourne</p><br>
<p>1919–1927 — Dr. Walter James</p><br>
<p>1927–1933 — Walter Jennings</p><br>
<p>1933–1938 — J.P. Morgan Jr.</p><br>
<p>1938–1942 — Bernon Prentice</p><br>
<h2>Jekyll Island Club Historic District</h2><br>
<p>Jekyll Island Club Historic District is a National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) historic district and National Historic Landmark District in Glynn County, Georgia. Located on the west side of Jekyll Island, the 240-acre (97.1 hectares) district is roughly bordered by Riverview Drive to the west, and the long arc of Stable Road (Old Village Boulevard) to the north, east and south. It contains thirty-three contributing properties from the Jekyll Island Club, including the separately-NRHP-listed Rockefeller Cottage and Faith Chapel. Jekyll Island Club Historic District was added to the NRHP on January 20, 1972, and was designated a national historic landmark district on June 2, 1978.</p><br>
<p>From 1967 to 1968, Savannah landscape architect Clermont Huger Lee created a master development plan with the goal to restore the area known as "Millionaires Village" to its 1910–1929 era. Though not fully implemented, Lees plans served as a foundation in the redevelopment of today&#39;s Jekyll Island Historic District.</p><br>
<h3>Contributing properties</h3><br>
<h3>Non-contributing and demolished properties</h3><br>
<p>Fort Baldwin is a former coastal defense fortification near the mouth of the Kennebec River in Phippsburg, Maine, United States, preserved as the Fort Baldwin State Historic Site. It was named after Jeduthan Baldwin, an engineer for the Continental Army during the American Revolution. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The fort was constructed between 1905 and 1912 and originally consisted of three batteries.</p><br>
<h3>Artillery batteries</h3><br>
<p>Battery Cogan with two 3-inch M1903 guns on pedestal mounts. Named in honor of a lieutenant in the 5th Continental Regiment during the American Revolution. Cogan, who had also been quartermaster of the 1st New Hampshire Regiment, died August 21, 1778.</p><br>
<p>Battery Joseph Roswell Hawley with two 6-inch M1900 guns on pedestal mounts. This battery also housed the fort&#39;s original observation station and electric equipment. Named in honor of Brigadier General Joseph R. Hawley who served with distinction during the American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>Battery Hardman with one 6-inch gun M1905 on a disappearing carriage. Named in honor of a Captain in the 2nd Maryland Regiment, Continental Army during the American Revolution. Hardman was taken prisoner at Camden, South Carolina and died while a prisoner of war on September 1, 1780.</p><br>
<p>Additionally, facilities for a controlled minefield in the river were built at nearby Fort Popham. The fort was in caretaker status prior to the American entry into World War I, and at some point was probably under the Coast Defenses of the Kennebec command. During World War I, Fort Baldwin and Fort Popham had a garrison of 200 soldiers from the 13th and 29th Coast Artillery companies of the Coast Defenses of Portland. All three 6-inch guns were withdrawn in 1917 as part of a program to put these weapons on field carriages and use them on the Western Front. Battery Hawleys guns were not sent overseas and were remounted in 1919. Battery Hardmans gun was sent to France; apparently it was eventually returned to the US but not to Fort Baldwin. A history of the Coast Artillery in World War I states that none of the regiments in France equipped with 6-inch guns completed training in time to see action before the Armistice.</p><br>
<p>In 1924, Fort Baldwin was disarmed as part of a general drawdown of less-threatened coast defenses and sold to the State of Maine. Early in World War II, four circular concrete "Panama mounts" were constructed at Fort Baldwin, two of them on Battery Hawley&#39;s 6-inch gun positions. These were to provide improved firing platforms for towed 155 mm M1918 guns that were adopted by the Coast Artillery following World War I. From 1941 to 1943, Battery D, 8th Coast Artillery protected Fort Baldwin and its Fire Control Tower (Built 1943) that could radio the precise position of enemy vessels to batteries in Casco Bay, notably Battery Steele with its 16-inch guns. A battery of four 155 mm guns, most likely from Fort Williams, was deployed to Fort Baldwin from early 1942 to January 17, 1944. After the war, the Army returned the property to the State of Maine in 1949.</p><br>
<p>Joseph Bryan Park, also known as Bryan Park, is a public park in the city of Richmond, Virginia. The park memorializes Joseph Bryan , the founder and publisher of the Richmond Times-Dispatch newspaper. The land was given to the city in 1910 by Bryan&#39;s widow, Belle Stewart Bryan, and her family. It contains a network of hiking/biking trails and is open daily without charge.</p><br>
<p>The park, which sits next to the Bryan Park Interchange, where I-95, I-64, and I-195 intersect, hosted the Richmond Vegetarian Festival annually from 2003 through 2018.</p><br>
<p>In mid-2024, the City of Richmond broke ground on the city&#39;s portion of the Fall Line Trail, an approximately 43-mile multi-use trail currently (2024) under development — from a northern terminus in Ashland, Virginia, to a southern terminus in Petersburg, Virginia. The thirteen-mile segment extends from Bryan Park, which will become a key trailhead, to the Chesterfield County border to the South.</p><br>
<h2>Azalea Garden</h2><br>
<p>The Joseph Bryan Park Azalea Garden (17 acres) is a botanical garden specializing in azaleas, located within Joseph Bryan Park.</p><br>
<p>The garden proper was begun in 1952 by Mr. Robert E. Harvey, a former Recreation and Parks Superintendent. Over some 15 years, Mr. Harvey and volunteers planted about 450,000 azalea plants (of 50 varieties) in more than 75 beds. They also constructed a small pond with a fountain. Peak season is April 1 to May 15.</p><br>
<p>Memorial Building, also known as G.A.R. Memorial Hall, is a historic Grand Army of the Republic hall located in Topeka, Kansas, United States. On July 17, 1975, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The construction of Memorial Hall was financed by war claims paid to the State of Kansas by the federal government; one for $97,466.02 for equipping and putting soldiers in the field during the American Civil War, and the other for $425,065.43 for repelling invasions of Confederate soldiers and dealing with American Indian Wars.</p><br>
<p>In 1909, a legislative money appropriation act was passed. A commission selected the site, acquired the land title, and supervised construction of Memorial Hall. On September 27, 1911, President William Howard Taft laid the ceremonial cornerstone. The building was completed in 1914 and dedicated before 25,000 people on May 27 of that same year.</p><br>
<p>Since 2000, Memorial Hall has served as headquarters for the Kansas Attorney General and Kansas Secretary of State.</p><br>
<p>Fort Popham is a Civil War-era coastal defense fortification at the mouth of the Kennebec River in Phippsburg, Maine. It is located in sight of the short-lived Popham Colony and, like the colony, named for George Popham, the colony&#39;s leader. The site is preserved as Fort Popham State Historic Site.</p><br>
<h2>Predecessors</h2><br>
<p>During the American Revolution a minor fortification stood on this site; in 1808 the federal government built a small battery to accommodate guns on field carriages on this location as part of the Second System of fortifications that guarded the coast. These forts and batteries were built shortly after the passage of Thomas Jeffersons Embargo Act of 1807, which prohibited all exports from the US as an attempt to exert pressure on Britain and France, which had been taking actions against US shipping. The first use of some of these forts was to enforce the embargo. The embargo was deeply unpopular in New England and had severe economic effects there; the embargo was repealed in March 1809, but the situation with Britain ultimately led to the War of 1812. It was felt that these forts were built as much to enforce the embargo as to defend the country, and they were derisively known as "embargo forts". The battery is mentioned in the Secretary of Wars reports on fortifications for December 1808 and December 1811. It was called the "Battery on Hunnewells Point" or the "Georgetown Battery" (at the time Georgetown included Phippsburg). In 1811 it was described as "An enclosed work, with a battery of six heavy guns mounted, a small magazine, and wooden barracks for 40". The battery remained manned until 1815 and saw minor action during the War of 1812. After the war four of the guns were relocated to a new battery at Coxs Head, north of Fort Popham on the west bank of the Kennebec. This was a brick fort with barracks for 105 men.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction of Fort Popham was authorized in 1857 as part of the Third System of fortifications but did not begin until 1861. The fort was built from granite blocks quarried on nearby Fox and Dix Islands. It had a 30 ft-high wall facing the mouth of the Kennebec River and was built in a crescent shape, measuring approximately 500 ft in circumference.</p><br>
<p>During the closing months of the American Civil War, from October 1864 to July 1865, the fort was garrisoned by the 7th Unassigned Company of Maine Infantry. The 7th Company was commanded by Captain Augustin Thompson, who is best known as the inventor of Moxie soda.</p><br>
<p>Fort Popham was originally designed to mount 42 heavy guns, a mix of 10-inch and 15-inch Rodman guns, but construction was halted in 1869 with only two of the planned three tiers completed. In the late 19th century, Fort Popham&#39;s armament consisted of 36 Rodman guns and some 300-pounder (10-inch) and smaller Parrott rifles. One of the Rodman guns was donated to the town of Bowdoinham to remember its soldiers who died in the Civil War. The cannon is still there. A 100-pounder (6.4-inch) Parrott rifle sits near the fort grounds; it was listed as being at the fort in 1903. The back side of Fort Popham was built with a low moated curtain containing a central gate and 20 musket ports.</p><br>
<p>War experience showed that masonry forts were vulnerable to modern rifled guns. As a result, in 1869 construction at Fort Popham stopped before the fortification was completed. The fort was garrisoned again after additional work was performed during the Spanish–American War and World War I. In the 1890s Fort Popham received new facilities for a controlled minefield in the river at the fort as part of the Endicott program of improved fortifications. In 1898, shortly after the Spanish–American War broke out, Congress made numerous emergency appropriations, including $3,200 to deploy the mines in the Kennebec. This was an emergency measure to provide modern guns at threatened locations until the Endicott program forts could be completed. Under this program, construction of Fort Baldwin on the headland above Fort Popham began in 1905 with longer-range guns, which eventually rendered Fort Popham obsolete. However, at the time Fort Baldwin was built, Fort Popham remained important due to the minefield facilities.</p><br>
<p>Fort Popham was probably part of the Coast Defenses of the Kennebec command at some point. However, references indicate this command was combined with the Coast Defenses of Portland at some time prior to 1917. During World War I, Forts Popham and Baldwin were garrisoned by about 200 men of the 13th and 29th Coast Artillery companies of the Coast Defenses of Portland. Although Fort Baldwin was disarmed in 1924, the mine facilities at Fort Popham may have remained operational through World War II, during which Fort Baldwin was rearmed with towed artillery.</p><br>
<h2>Present</h2><br>
<p>The fort, located two miles (3 km) from popular Popham Beach State Park, is open to the public as Fort Popham State Historic Site. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places as Fort Popham Memorial on October 1, 1969, reference number 69000012.</p><br>
<p>Hope Valley was the first full-fledged country club community in the suburbs of Durham, Durham County, North Carolina. It is developed around an 18-hole Donald Ross golf course. Created in 1925-26 just before the stock market crash of 1929, Hope Valley remained a unique rural colony until after World War II. Well outside the city limits Hope Valley was situated between Durham and Chapel Hill, and their university campuses, Duke and UNC Chapel Hill. It was one of North Carolina&#39;s first suburbs designed to be completely serviced by the automobile, well beyond urban transportation routes. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009 as the Hope Valley Historic District, a national historic district.</p><br>
<p>At the center of the district and the apex of the golf course stands the Aymar Embury II Hope Valley Country Club Clubhouse. Although heavily remodeled over the years the front facade remains intact. Hope Valley, the residential development and Country Club will celebrate its centennial in 2026 and 2027.</p><br>
<h2>Hope Valley Historic District</h2><br>
<p>The district encompasses 80 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, and 2 contributing objects in a predominantly upper-class residential section of Durham. They were built between 1927 and 1959 and include notable examples of Colonial Revival and Tudor Revival style architecture. The centerpiece of the district is the country club and golf course. Located in the district are the separately listed John C. and Binford Carr House and Wiley and Elizabeth Forbus House.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Hope Valleys original developers were Jesse Mebane of Greensboro, North Carolina and Walter Sharpe of Burlington, North Carolina (Mebane and Sharpe, Inc.). Early investors included many local residents and Greensboros Richardson Family (Richardson - Vicks Pharmaceuticals) who later took control of the development and renaming the corporation Hope Valley, Inc.</p><br>
<p>In a rare collaboration, Donald Ross, Aymar Embury II, and Robert Cridland came together to create Hope Valley. Ross designed the 18 hole golf course, Embury designed the French Eclectic style Country Club Clubhouse, and Cridland designed the roadways and landscape.</p><br>
<p>The Hope Valley Country Club (HVCC) golf course has undergone a multimillion-dollar renovation and restoration, with a major focus on its greens. The Hope Valley Country Club created by a collaboration of the development&#39;s original backers and Durham business leaders has been the careful steward of this Donald Ross "Gem" for over 80 years. The first golf professional was Marshall Crichton (1926–1960) and the course has had a member of the Crichton family on staff ever since. In the Spring of 2013 HVCC completed a renovation of its swimming pools and surrounding wet areas. The club also has an active year-round tennis program with seven clay courts, two hard courts, and four pickleball courts.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood is experiencing infill as retiring and moving residents sell their side lots, mid-century ranches and investment properties. There have also been some (tragic) examples of "tear down" purchases. The homes of some of Durham&#39;s first and second generation business, education and social leaders including Russell Barringer, Frank Kenan, Herschel Caldwell, Wilburt Davison, and John Moorhead have been razed for new residential construction.</p><br>
<p>The Hubert Teer House, a Hope Valley landmark from 1932, is well known for the exact miniature model of it that Mr. Teer built on the grounds as a playhouse for his daughter. It underwent a significant and sympathetic restoration by its current resident Mr. Teer&#39;s above-mentioned daughter and her husband prior to 2002.</p><br>
<p>The Hope Valley neighborhood is often referred to as "Old Hope Valley", with a relative absence of newly constructed homes with the vast majority of houses situated on lots that are considerably larger than those in newer, close by developments (including the adjacent areas of "New Hope Valley", and Marydell, Hope Valley Green, Woodcroft and Hope Valley Farms)--some as much as four acres. Many areas in Hope Valley are heavily wooded and are home to deer, foxes, red-shouldered hawks and barred owls. Hope Valley is convenient to Chapel Hill, Research Triangle Park, Raleigh-Durham International Airport, Cary and Raleigh via I-40 (3 miles South).</p><br>
<h2>Notable buildings</h2><br>
<p>John C. and Binford Carr House</p><br>
<p>Wiley and Elizabeth Forbus House</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents and country club members</h2><br>
<p>Vernetta Alston, politician and attorney</p><br>
<p>Bill Bishop, real estate developer and murder victim</p><br>
<p>Victor Dzau, scientist and former head of Duke Medical Center</p><br>
<p>Douglas Knight, academic and former head of Duke University</p><br>
<p>Mena Webb, journalist and writer</p><br>
<p>Frank Kenan, Businessman, Philanthropist</p><br>
<p>Thom Mount, Motion Picture Executive, "Bull Durham," etc.</p><br>
<p>Wilbert Davison, First Dean of Duke Medical School and architect of what has become Duke Health</p><br>
<p>Nello Teer Jr., Executive Nello Teer Construction</p><br>
<p>Eddie Cameron, Legendary Coach and athletic director, Duke University</p><br>
<p>Green Spring Gardens  is a public park, including a historic 18th-century plantation house "Green Spring", which is the heart of a national historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003. The Fairfax County Park Authority operates Green Spring with the assistance of various nonprofit organizations concerned with history and gardening. Open daily without charge, the street address is 4603 Green Spring Road, Alexandria, Virginia.</p><br>
<h2>Holdings</h2><br>
<p>The historic district encompasses two contributing buildings, two contributing sites, and two contributing structures located within the park. It includes the brick farmhouse, built about 1777–1784, a 19th-century spring house, a family cemetery, archaeological site, subterranean brick vault, and a small 4-chambered stone structure. The property&#39;s landscape was redesigned in 1942, in the Colonial Revival style by noted landscape architects Beatrix Farrand and Walter Macomber. The house and grounds were donated to Fairfax County in 1970 by New Republic publisher Michael Whitney Straight and his wife Belinda Straight, who had moved their family to Washington D.C. during Massive Resistance.</p><br>
<p>Its estate gardens (popular among local wedding photographers) feature boxwood hedging, roses, and perennial as well as annual borders. The park also has a tropical greenhouse, a wooded stream valley with ponds and gazebo, a naturalistic native plant garden, and over 20 demonstration gardens. It is a member of the North American Plant Collections Consortium for its Hamamelis collection (130 taxa, including all 4 species).</p><br>
<p>The Norfolk Botanical Garden  is a botanical garden with arboretum located at 6700 Azalea Garden Road, Norfolk, Virginia.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Norfolk Botanical Garden was founded through the collaboration between Norfolk City Manager Thomas P. Thompson and horticulturalist Frederic Heutte. In 1938, the pair were granted 75 acre of high, wooded ground plus 75 acre of reservoir for a city garden. Later that year, under a Works Progress Administration (WPA) grant, 200 African-American women and 20 men cleared the site. By March 1939, 4,000 azaleas, 2,000 rhododendrons, several thousand miscellaneous shrubs and trees, and 100 bushels of daffodils had been planted. and another grant was quickly secured to expand the garden.</p><br>
<p>In 1958, the Old Dominion Horticultural Society took over maintenance and changed the garden&#39;s name to Norfolk Botanical Garden. The garden did at one point contain 175 acres, but the neighboring Norfolk International Airport expanded and took away 20 acres. A number of gardens were added through the 1950s and 1960s, including a Japanese garden, desert plants garden, colonial garden and rose garden. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Gardens</h2><br>
<p>The grounds include numerous theme gardens, including:</p><br>
<p>All-American Selections Display Garden - features All-America Selections (AAS) of new annual varieties.</p><br>
<p>Annette Kagan Healing Garden - medicinal plants, stream, and pools.</p><br>
<p>Bicentennial Rose Garden (1976) - over 3,000 rose plants representing more than 430 varieties.</p><br>
<p>Border Walk - traditional English-style border, with tulips, daffodils, pansies, as well as azaleas, hibiscus Diane, impatiens, petunias, and gomphrena.</p><br>
<p>Bristow Butterfly Garden (2 acres) - a habitat for butterflies and moths.</p><br>
<p>Colonial Herb Garden - American herb garden of the 18th and 19th centuries, hedged with boxwood.</p><br>
<p>Conifer Garden - dwarf and large conifers, including arborvitae, cryptomeria, False Cypress, juniper, and spruce.</p><br>
<p>Fern Glade - numerous fern species.</p><br>
<p>Flowering Aboretum (17.5 acres) - a collection of 336 flowering trees.</p><br>
<p>Four Seasons Garden and Wildflower Meadow (1994) - more than 50 wildflower species and 10 species of grasses.</p><br>
<p>Fragrance Garden (1963) - fragrance plants, including bayberry, fringetree, lavender, osmanthus, peppermint, wintersweet, and fragrant flowering bulbs.</p><br>
<p>Hofheimer Camellia Garden (1992) - one of the region&#39;s largest camellia collection; more than 500 varieties. Predominant types are varieties of Camellia japonica and C. sasanqua.</p><br>
<p>Holly Garden & Turner Sculpture Garden (1950s, 3 acres) - evergreen hollies in garden "rooms". The garden contains 121 varieties of hollies, including more than 20 types of American and Asiatic hollies and a dozen English hollies are grouped by geographic regions.</p><br>
<p>Japanese Garden (1962) - created to honor Norfolk&#39;s sister city, Moji, Japan, and rededicated in 1962 to Kitakyushu, formerly Moji; redesigned and refurbished in 1995.</p><br>
<p>Kaufman Hydrangea Garden - nearly 200 varieties of hydrangea and close relatives.</p><br>
<p>Matson Garden (0.25 acres) - large sweeps of perennials and smaller mixed groups.</p><br>
<p>Mirror Lake (1939) - lake with paved trail and small woodland trails.</p><br>
<p>NATO Overlook - view of garden, with redwoods and blue atlas cedars; named in honor of the nearby NATO installation.</p><br>
<p>Norfolk International Airport Overlook - detailed map of Norfolk International Airport with a description of how planes work. Visitors can monitor airport ground communications.</p><br>
<p>Purity Garden - Cataldi&#39;s sculpture of Madonna and Child, with backdrop of camellias.</p><br>
<p>Renaissance Garden (1994) - patterned upon Italian Renaissance gardens of the late 16th century, with vista, terraces, stone fences, statues of the seasons, and reflective pool and fountain.</p><br>
<p>Rhododendron Glade - more than 175 azalea and rhododendron varieties.</p><br>
<p>Sarah Lee Baker Perennial Garden (1 acre) - more than 200 varieties of perennials, in a formal setting with limestone fountain and canals.</p><br>
<p>Statuary Vista - eleven, seven-foot heroic sized statues carved from Carrara marble by Sir Moses Jacob Ezekiel in Rome, 1879–1884, for William Wilson Corcoran, founder of the Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. These statues were originally designed to be set in second-story niches in the Corcoran Gallery, and depict notable artists (Rembrandt, Rubens, Canova, Phidias, Murillo, Dürer, da Vinci, etc.).</p><br>
<p>Sunken Garden (1963) - small pool with shade and sun plants.</p><br>
<p>Tropical Garden - bananas, elephant ears, eucalyptus, gingers, etc.</p><br>
<p>Virginia Native Plant Garden (6 acres) - four plant communities that once covered much of southeastern Virginia: bald cypress / tupelo swamp; bottomland hardwood forest; longleaf pine flatwoods; and Atlantic white cedar forest.</p><br>
<p>Winter Garden - plants of winter interest.</p><br>
<p>World of Wonders (3 acres) - for families and children.</p><br>
<h2>Tours offered</h2><br>
<h3>Tram</h3><br>
<p>The tram starts behind the Baker Hall Visitor Center, in the designated tram circle. The tram tour takes approximately 25 minutes, and has nine stops around the garden. On weekdays during the designated tram season, the tram runs hourly from 10:00AM to 4:00PM daily. Private tours for larger groups can be booked by contacting the Visitor Services team. The tram is driven by a Garden Guide that will explain the different gardens passed by during the tour.</p><br>
<h3>Rose Walking</h3><br>
<p>This tour is an in depth view of the Bicentennial Rose Garden. It was completed in 1976 in honor of America&#39;s 200th birthday. Inside the 3.5 acres there are 3,000 individual rose bushes representing roughly 400 cultivars. It was previously one of 23 testing sites for the All-American Selection for roses (All American Rose Selection), and now it is a designated display site only.</p><br>
<h3>Boat</h3><br>
<p>A 45-minute tour that starts and end at the boat basin right behind Baker Hall and next to the Japanese Garden. The tour goes out onto Lake Whitehurst, where you learn about the lake and all the inhabitants and is offered seasonally from Memorial Day to Labor Day.</p><br>
<p>Oatlands Historic House and Gardens  is an estate located in Leesburg, Virginia, United States. Oatlands is operated by the National Trust for Historic Preservation and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a National Historic Landmark. The Oatlands property is composed of the main mansion and 415 acres  of farmland and gardens. The house is judged one of the finest Federal period country estate houses in the nation.</p><br>
<p>On the property, in addition to the Mansion, are a number of outbuildings, including the Carriage House, Bachelor&#39;s Cottage, several barns and farm buildings, and a greenhouse, built in 1810, said to be the oldest standing greenhouse in the South.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Oatlands was established by George Carter, a great-grandson of Robert "King" Carter, in 1798 on 3,408 acres (1,980 ha) of farmland. It started as a wheat farm, but expanded to include other grains, sheep, a gristmill and a saw mill, and a vineyard. In 1804, Carter began construction of a Federal mansion, which he expanded in the 1820s and 1830s. A terraced garden and numerous outbuildings were added during this time.</p><br>
<p>Carter&#39;s plantation and business ventures were built with, and by, enslaved laborers. When Carter took ownership of the land and the people who worked there, there were 17 enslaved labors on the land. Through both purchase of more enslaved people, and the system of chattel slavery (their children were also enslaved), the Carter Plantation claimed 133 people as property at the time of the 1860 census. Their work included planting and harvesting the fields; caring for farm animals; domestic labor such as cooking, cleaning, caring for children, and sewing; and probably trades such as blacksmithing and milling.</p><br>
<p>George Carters widow, Elizabeth Grayson Lewis Carter, inherited the property after her husbands death in 1846. In 1861, fearing that a battle between Union and Confederate forces was imminent nearby, Elizabeth Carter fled to another of her properties, Bellefield. The Carters&#39; eldest son, George Carter II, reopened the mansion with his wife, Katherine Powell Carter, in 1863 and inherited the property when his mother died in 1887.</p><br>
<p>In 1897 the Carter family sold the mansion with 60 acres (24.3 ha) for $10,000 (~$ in ) to Stilson Hutchins, founder of The Washington Post newspaper, who never lived on the property.</p><br>
<p>Hutchins sold Oatlands in 1903 to William Corcoran Eustis and Edith Livingston Morton Eustis. Mrs. Eustis restored the gardens from neglect, adding boxwood-lined parterres to the terraces, statuary, a rose garden, a bowling green, and a reflecting pool. Today her plantings include mature specimens of Buxus sempervirens `Arborescens’ and `Suffruticosa’, Larix decidua, and Quercus robur. The house was also upgraded with modern amenities including indoor plumbing, heating and gas lighting, along with pine floors placed over the original Carter flooring, an elevator, and a custom first floor bathroom for childhood friend, Franklin D. Roosevelt.</p><br>
<p>Due to their prominent political stance in Washington, D.C., the Eustises had many famous friends including General George C. Marshall, Henry Cabot Lodge, President Harry S. Truman and Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt.</p><br>
<p>After Mrs. Eustis death in 1964, her daughters, Margaret and Anne, donated the mansion, furnishings, and estate grounds to Margarets husband, David E. Finley, founder of the National Trust for Historic Preservation.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1971. In 1974 a series of scenic easements around the National Historic Landmark area were designated the Oatlands Historic District on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Evergreen Cemetery is a garden-style cemetery on Stevens Avenue in the Deering neighborhood of Portland, Maine. With 239 acre of land, it is the largest cemetery in the state. Established in 1855, in what was then Westbrook, the cemetery is home to one of the state&#39;s most prominent collections of funerary art. The 140 acre historical portion of the cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The cemetery was established in 1855 in Saccarappa (Westbrook) and became the area&#39;s main cemetery after the Western Cemetery in downtown Portland. The original parcel appears to have been about 45 acre, which was repeatedly enlarged beginning about 1869.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The main areas of the cemetery are laid out in with winding curvilinear paths, typical of the rural cemetery movement popular in the 19th century, while later sections of the cemetery are typically (but not entirely) laid out in a more rectilinear fashion. A number of architecturally significant mausoleums are located in the cemetery, the most prominent of which are the Chisholm Tomb and the F.O.J. Smith Tomb; the former is a small-scale Classical Revival replica of the Maison Carrée, a Roman temple in Nîmes, France.</p><br>
<h3>Wilde Memorial Chapel</h3><br>
<p>Wilde Memorial Chapel is a Gothic-style chapel. It was built as a mortuary chapel by Falmouth native Mary Ellen Lunt Wilde in 1890. It was designed by Portland architect Frederick A. Tompson and gifted to the city in 1902. The granite building is used for both memorial and wedding services, with a maximum capacity of 105.</p><br>
<h3>Civil War veterans</h3><br>
<p>Evergreen Cemetery contains the remains of about 1,400 veterans of the American Civil War. A memorial to Civil War veterans was donated by brothers Henry (then Governor of Maine) and Judge Nathan Cleaves and dedicated on May 30, 1895. The monument consists of a metal soldier standing atop a granite base.</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>John Appleton, congressman and assistant secretary of state</p><br>
<p>James Phinney Baxter, businessman and Mayor of Portland</p><br>
<p>Carroll Lynwood Beedy, congressman</p><br>
<p>Hugh J. Chisholm, paper magnate</p><br>
<p>Asa William Henry Clapp, congressman</p><br>
<p>Nathan Clifford, US Attorney General and Associate Justice of the US Supreme Court</p><br>
<p>Lydia Neal Dennett, abolitionist and suffragist</p><br>
<p>Neal Dow, mayor, general, candidate for president, and father of the Prohibition Movement</p><br>
<p>Francis H. Fassett, architect</p><br>
<p>James D. Fessenden, general</p><br>
<p>Francis Fessenden, general</p><br>
<p>Samuel Fessenden, lieutenant</p><br>
<p>Samuel C. Fessenden, congressman</p><br>
<p>Thomas Amory Deblois Fessenden, congressman</p><br>
<p>William P. Fessenden, congressman, senator and secretary of the treasury</p><br>
<p>Frank Fixaris, sportscaster</p><br>
<p>Elbridge Gerry, congressman</p><br>
<p>Charles Goddard (1879–1951), playwright and screenwriter</p><br>
<p>Robert Christian Hale, lieutenant and congressman</p><br>
<p>Obed Hall, congressman</p><br>
<p>Asher Crosby Hinds, congressman</p><br>
<p>Seth Larrabee, attorney</p><br>
<p>Charles Thornton Libby, historian, genealogist and lawyer</p><br>
<p>John Lynch, congressman</p><br>
<p>Charles Mattocks, general</p><br>
<p>Joseph C. Noyes, congressman</p><br>
<p>Albion Parris Governor, congressman, judge.</p><br>
<p>John J. Perry, congressman</p><br>
<p>William Lebaron Putnam, mayor</p><br>
<p>Thomas Brackett Reed, congressman and Speaker of the US House of Representatives</p><br>
<p>Ether Shepley, senator</p><br>
<p>George Foster Shepley, general</p><br>
<p>Francis Ormand Jonathan Smith, congressman</p><br>
<p>John Calvin Stevens, architect</p><br>
<p>Lorenzo De Medici Sweat, congressman</p><br>
<p>Henry Goddard Thomas, general</p><br>
<p>William W. Thomas Jr., politician</p><br>
<p>Charles W. Walton, congressman</p><br>
<p>St. Johns Episcopal Church is located at 2600 Church Avenue in the Ohio City neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio. St. Johns is the oldest consecrated building in Cuyahoga county. This stone gothic revival church building was designed by Hezekiah Eldredge and built beginning in 1836 and was completed 1838. Eldridge was probably familiar with John Henry Hopkins "An Essay on Gothic Architecture", the first book on Gothic ecclesiastical architecture to be published in the United States. St. Johns is a good representative of a small group of American churches inspired by Hopkins&#39; book.</p><br>
<p>On November 9, 1816, a group of Episcopalians met in the log home of Phineas Shepard on the Clevelands west side at what is now West 25th Street and Detroit Avenue, to organize what was to become Trinity Parish. The parish is the site of the original Episcopal congregation in Cleveland. In 1825, east side members moved the original parish, named Trinity from Ohio City, to a site near Public Square. West side members remained in Ohio City, naming the new parish St. Johns.</p><br>
<p>Trinity Cathedral is now the seat of the Episcopal Diocese of Ohio. St. John&#39;s was also the mother church to several of the west side parishes.</p><br>
<p>In 1837, the Ohio City Directory described the church as follows, "The Episcopal Church, which is not yet finished, is built of hammered stone, and has a lofty steeple. Its style of architecture is Gothic, resembling that of the ancient and venerable Cathedral. This building, when finished, will be one of the best of the kind in the western country, and may be considered as an ornament to the young city".</p><br>
<p>The original bell (1846) now is housed in the west side of the narthex, due to weakening of the steeple. Next to the church stands the frame gothic revival Parish Hall is circa (1875).</p><br>
<p>This "Gothicized meeting house" has been rebuilt twice, once after a fire in the 1880s and once after a tornado in 1953. The present plan, with neither a central aisle nor an apse, is therefore similar to the original plan. At one time the church was more elaborate than it is today; the church pinnacles no longer exist. St, John&#39;s was known as "Station Hope" on the Underground Railroad.</p><br>
<p>An Episcopal parish continued to worship in this space through December, 2007; and the building remains property of the Diocese. Currently, social justice events, guest speakers and meetings also occur at the church. As of 2016, the Vicar is The Rev. Kelly Aughenbaugh. Yearly, an event called "Station Hope" occurs in spring.</p><br>
<p>The following is from an advertisement for the event: "STATION HOPE 2017 - A Beacon Of Freedom. A Convening of Community. A CELEBRATION OF HOPE. - Join over 200 artists to engage and reflect on social justice, equity and a shared vision of hope- on the grounds of Clevelands first authenticated Underground Railroad site, St. Johns Episcopal Church in Ohio City. Audiences explore the historic church and surrounding properties to view short works of theatre, music, storytelling and dance, along with choir performances and visual art installations inspired by the most important issues of our time. Saturday, April 29, 2017-- FREE AND OPEN TO ALL." This event is done in partnership with the Cleveland Public Theatre, and other community organizations.</p><br>
<h2>Noted members</h2><br>
<p>William B. Castle: Cleveland mayor</p><br>
<p>Mark Hanna: industrialist and Republican politician from Cleveland.</p><br>
<p>Hezekiah Eldredge: builder, charter member and was a member of the Vestry.</p><br>
<p>The Las Vegas Grammar School on Las Vegas Boulevard, also known as the Historic Fifth Street School, is a school listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Nevada and is located in the city of Las Vegas. The school sits on a 20 acre site on Las Vegas Boulevard. After the renovations, the main entrance and address for the school will be changed to Fourth Street.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The school, also known as the Historic Fifth Street School since it was located on Fifth Street (now Las Vegas Boulevard), was constructed in 1914.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 20, 1988.</p><br>
<p>The school has undergone an extensive $9.5 million renovation. The interior has been configured to allow its return as an education facility. The school is home to:</p><br>
<p>UNLV School of Architecture&#39;s Downtown Design Center</p><br>
<p>On November 28, 2007, a fire started by a homeless person damaged a portion of the roof and left smoke damage in the interior of the building.</p><br>
<p>Hickory Hill is a large brick house in McLean, Virginia, in the United States, which was owned for many years by members of the Kennedy family, the American political family that has long been prominent in American politics, public service, entertainment, and business.</p><br>
<h2>History and ownership</h2><br>
<p>Although the date when the house was constructed cannot be determined precisely, architectural historians, noting that an 1865 ordinance map of the area does not indicate the house, date it to shortly after the American Civil War, circa 1870.</p><br>
<p>The 5.6 acre property was part of an 88 acre tract acquired in 1846 by George Walter, who built several houses in the area prior to his death in 1890. The core of the house itself originally featured an encircling verandah, topped by a mansard roof. In 1931, the house was extensively remodeled largely to its current configuration. It was expanded again in 1964 with a north wing addition.</p><br>
<p>In 1920, James Patrick "Pat" Speer, a Washington D.C. dentist, lived at Hickory Hill, along with his wife Susan Virginia "Jenny" Morgan Speer. At that time, they lived in the house with their five younger children, as their eldest daughter had already married and moved away. Pat Speer practiced dentistry in Washington D.C., in the same building where Clara Barton had previously conducted her work with USA Civil War veterans and their families.</p><br>
<p>In July 1941, Hickory Hill became the home of newly appointed United States Supreme Court Associate Justice Robert H. Jackson and his wife, Irene, who, in 1955, after his death, sold Hickory Hill to United States Senator John F. Kennedy (D−Massachusetts) and his wife, Jacqueline.</p><br>
<p>John and Jacqueline Kennedy lived in the home for a year, during which time he authored (with Ted Sorenson) his Pulitzer Prize winning book Profiles in Courage.</p><br>
<p>After the 1956 Democratic National Convention, the house was sold to John&#39;s brother Robert F. Kennedy and his wife, Ethel, who had a growing family (eventually eleven children). While he lived at Hickory Hill, Robert Kennedy became Attorney General of the United States in 1961; a United States senator in 1965; and a presidential candidate in 1968.</p><br>
<p>Hickory Hill was placed on the market in 2004 by the Kennedy family at an asking price of $25 million and then subsequently withdrawn in November 2008. After it was sold in December 2009 to a Virginia businessman for $8.25 million, the house underwent a major renovation, completed in the fall of 2013.</p><br>
<h2>Historic district</h2><br>
<p>The house, along with eleven other historic structures, was designated as a contributing property to the Langley Fork Historic District by the National Park Service&#39;s National Register of Historic Places on October 19, 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Sautee Valley Historic District comprises the southern half of the Sautee Valley, near Sautee, Georgia. Lynch Mountain is to the southeast, Grimes Nose is to the northwest, and the Nacoochee Valley is to the southwest. There are historic and prehistoric resources, mostly along the edges of the valley. Historic structures include houses, farms, stores, and other typical buildings dating from the 19th and early 20th centuries. Prehistoric resources include ceremonial and settlement sites and feature Nacoochee Mound, an earthwork platform mound on the banks of the Chattahoochee River. This area is adjacent to the Nacoochee Valley Historic District. The historic district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Nacoochee Valley Historic District is in White County, Georgia. The valley is enclosed by Mount Yonah, and Sal Mountain. Manmade objects in the valley span centuries. The most obvious Native American artifact is the Nacoochee Mound at the western edge of the valley, which is 17 feet tall and 70 feet in diameter. There are structures throughout the district since the settlement of European people in the 1820s. The Richardson-Lumsden house and the Williams-Dyer Residence date from the early period of settlement by European people. The most elaborate structure is the Nichols-Hunnicutt-Hardman House. The area was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. It is adjacent to the Sautee Valley Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Graycliff estate was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1926, and built between 1926 and 1931. It is approximately 17 miles southwest of downtown Buffalo, New York, at 6472 Old Lake Shore Road in the hamlet of Highland-on-the-Lake, with a mailing address of Derby. Situated on a bluff overlooking Lake Erie with sweeping views of downtown Buffalo and the Ontario shore, it is one of the most ambitious and extensive summer estates Wright designed. It is now fully restored and operates as a historic house museum, open for guided tours year round . There is also a summer Market at Graycliff, free and open to the public on select Thursday evenings. Graycliff Conservancy is run by Executive Director Anna Kaplan, who was hired in 2019.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Graycliff was the summer home of Isabelle Reidpath Martin (1869–1945) and her husband, Buffalo entrepreneur Darwin D. Martin (1865–1935). Graycliff was the second of two complexes Frank Lloyd Wright designed for the couple, the first being the Martin House Complex, their city residence. By the time of Graycliff&#39;s commission, Wright and the Martins had been personal friends as well as clients for over twenty years. Between the time of the completion of the Martin House Complex and the construction of Graycliff grew a great long-term friendship, to the extent that the Martins provided financial assistance and other support to Wright as his career unfolded.</p><br>
<p>In the early years of their long relationship, Darwin Martin was actively involved with selecting Frank Lloyd Wright as the architect for the Larkin Administration Building, Wright&#39;s first major commercial project. Martin was an executive with the Larkin Company, and Wright also designed houses in Buffalo for fellow Larkin Company executives William R. Heath and Walter V. Davidson.</p><br>
<p>Isabelle R. Martin was the client of record for Graycliff, and it was designed by Wright for her pleasure.</p><br>
<p>Graycliff is one of only five of Frank Lloyd Wrights designs that were built between 1925 and 1935, and the only Wright-designed structure built between Taliesin (1925) and Fallingwater (1936) using stone. Wright believed stone to be the only true building material and may be why he insisted the Martins incorporate it at Graycliff. Graycliff is considered to be one of Wrights most important mid-career works in his Organic Style.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>Graycliff is a complex of three buildings integrated within an 8.5 acre landscape. It is situated high on a bluff with views of Lake Erie across to Ontario. In Wright&#39;s Organic Architecture style, are set amidst extensive grounds and gardens also designed by Wright.</p><br>
<p>The largest building, the main "Isabelle R. Martin House," is perhaps most remarkable for its two stone veneered sections framing a central pavilion-like center of transparent glass walls, allowing visitors to actually see through the building itself to the lake beyond, revolutionary for a 1926 design. It also features spacious cantilevered balconies, expansive terraces, and "ribbons" of windows that allow the experience of nature from within and through the house. On especially clear days the spray of Niagara Falls is visible through the framed opening created by the cantilevered upper bridge and the stone veneered massing at each end of the home.</p><br>
<p>The Foster House was originally designed as a garage, with an apartment above for the chauffeur and his family. In 1929 the Martins owned a Pierce-Arrow touring car as well as a Detroit Electric car. After their first summer in residence, the Martins asked Wright to alter and expand the building. Once complete, the Martins&#39; daughter Dorothy, together with her husband James Foster and their children Margaret and Darwin Martin Foster, spent many happy summers in residence. Like the Martin House, the Foster House has strong horizontal lines echoing the lake beyond, cantilevered balconies, and numerous windows.</p><br>
<p>The smallest building of the complex is known as the Heat Hut.</p><br>
<p>Garden walls, composed of the same stone and stucco as the Foster and Martin Houses, enhance the horizontal planes of the architecture. The gardens and grounds feature water elements designed by Wright, including a porte-cochère that extends from Martin House, cantilevering beyond its stone pier supports over a stone basin from which water flows into a large irregularly shaped pool. This was intended to create an illusion of the lake flowing through the house. On the west side, a broad esplanade connects the terrace to the cliff and lake. The esplanade was designed to carry water, pumped from Lake Erie, down its length and over the bluffs, completing the illusion of water flowing through. Deemed financially extravagant, this feature was halted after only the esplanade itself was completed. Other architectural features of the landscape include a sunken garden, a hidden garden, and stone walls in a "waterfall" pattern. Not surprisingly, it was Darwin Martin who first introduced Wright to Niagara Falls, less than 40 mi to the north.</p><br>
<p>The extensive 8.5 acre of grounds and gardens were also designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, with one of the few, if not only, landscape designs in his own hand. These include a tennis court designed by Wright, as well as trees and shrubs designed to complement the architecture. Additional significant design-work was done by Ellen Biddle Shipman, one of the early and renowned women landscape architects, and one of the creators of the Arts & Crafts and American Craftsman style landscape design, supplementing those of Wright with colorful flowers and a picking garden.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>Although the Martin family lost much of its fortune due to the Great Depression and was forced to abandon the city house in 1937, they kept Graycliff, and returned annually until 1943.</p><br>
<p>The property was purchased from the family by the Piarists, a Roman Catholic teaching order, in 1951. The Piarist Fathers, from Hungary, established a boarding school on the grounds, as well as Calasanctius, a private high school for gifted children in Buffalo, named after the orders founder. Although they added two structures to Wrights original design, all Wright-designed buildings were left intact. Eventually enrollment dwindled and the schools closed; the number of priests in residence also declined dramatically. Finally in late 1997, the Piarists decided they could no longer afford to maintain the property, and put it up for sale.</p><br>
<p>Soon after, a group of concerned individuals purchased the property, which was threatened with destruction due to its prime lakeside location and attractiveness to private developers. The group formed the non-profit Graycliff Conservancy in order to buy the property, restore it to its original condition, and open it to the public. This effort, aided by volunteers from throughout the community, has undertaken extensive restoration, both to remove the non-Wright additions and to restore the nearly ninety-year-old buildings, and has created a schedule of public tours.</p><br>
<p>The Graycliff Conservancy is the recipient of a Save America&#39;s Treasures grant from the US Department of the Interior, and has received many awards for its work. Graycliff is now a New York State Landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In November 2024, the Graycliff Conservancy began construction on a new visitor center. As part of the new construction plan, the estate temporarily closed and is expected to resume tours in March of 2025. The new visitor center is due to be completed in 2026, in celebration of the 100th anniversary of Frank Lloyd Wright’s design for the Graycliff estate.</p><br>
<h2>Other buildings by Frank Lloyd Wright in the Buffalo area</h2><br>
<p>Larkin Administration Building (demolished)</p><br>
<p>Darwin D. Martin House</p><br>
<p>William R. Heath House</p><br>
<p>Walter V. Davidson House</p><br>
<p>Blue Sky Mausoleum</p><br>
<p>The Francis Marion Stokes Fourplex is a historic residential building located in the Northwest district of Portland, Oregon, United States.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Fourplex is an example of Mediterranean Revival Style architecture. It is laid out on a rectangular plan with each floor divided into an east and a west apartment. The building is clad in smooth stucco typical of the Mediterranean style, and has a flat roof. The south elevation is symmetrical and features an enclosed entry porch having a pointed horseshoe arch in a Moorish style, decorated with wooden false beams.</p><br>
<p>Above the entry porch is a rectangular salient holding a pair of arched windows divided by a spiraled-column mullion. The windows are inset in a deep blind arch. Both the porch and the salient have tiled pent roofs. Flanking the entry porch are large tri-partate windows surrounded by highly decorated frames; above each of these is a pair of blind arches with decorative ceramic tiles inset in tympanums. Each arch has a double hung window, one over, and a corbelled wrought-iron balconet. The east and west sides of the building have stuccoed balconies at the first and second floor, chimneys servicing both levels, and flanking windows. The north elevation (rear) is fairly plain, except for an interesting arrangement of windows and a rear door.</p><br>
<h2>Building facts</h2><br>
<p>The Francis Marion Stokes Fourplex is located at 2253 N.W. Pettygrove St, in the same block as historic Pettygrove House, a Victorian house built in 1892 and former home to Francis Pettygrove, the man who named Portland as a prize in a coin-toss.</p><br>
<p>The Fourplex is located on a 6,000 ft&sup2; lot. Each of the two floors has 1,964 ft&sup2; of living space divided into two apartments per floor.</p><br>
<h2>The Architect</h2><br>
<p>Francis Marion Stokes designed the building in 1926 for Esther Kuhn of Portland, Oregon. Stokes became owner of the building the same year and lived in it, in Unit #2, from 1929 until his death in 1975. Most of Stokes work, which had a considerable influence on Portlands architecture, was completed during the 46 years that he lived in the Fourplex.</p><br>
<h2>National Register</h2><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in February 1996. Prior to its listing on the Register, the Fourplex was also known as the Kuhn Apartments.</p><br>
<p>The St. Johns Post Office is a historic building located in the Cathedral Park neighborhood near St. Johns, Portland, Oregon, United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Post Office Department acquired the building site in 1931, and construction was completed in 1933. The building was entered on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. It was purchased 1991 to become the Portland Baháʼí Center.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The St. Johns Post Office is an example of a small community post office constructed in the 20th Century Georgian style (also Colonial Revival-style) typical of Depression Era federal architecture. The building exhibits classical symmetry and proportion, yet is a transitional building in that it lacks the archaeological detail of classically inspired federal architecture of the Beaux-Arts tradition. The building&#39;s Georgian style is suggested in the detailing of the arched Palladian windows and termination of the facade with a molded frieze and cornice.</p><br>
<p>The building is also unique among small Oregon post offices in that it was designed by a local architect, Francis Marion Stokes, who designed several architecturally prominent buildings in the Portland area, several of which are included in the city&#39;s historic resource inventory.</p><br>
<h2>Art</h2><br>
<p>The buildings lobby features two murals with both a local and state significance. They are titled "Development of St. Johns" and were completed in 1936 by John Ballator under the auspices of the Treasury Departments Section of Painting and Sculpture. The murals depict the development of the neighborhood with significant historical events and prominent citizens. Ballator was an artist from Topeka who was born in Portland in 1909. He attended the University of Oregon and the Yale School of Fine Arts.</p><br>
<p>The Fleming–Watson Historic District comprises 365 buildings and 1 structure of architecture significance on 84 acre in Fairmont, West Virginia. It is in two irregular sections separated by a ravine, approximately bounded by Fairmont Avenue, Second and Fay Streets, Apple Crescent, Green and Emerson Streets, Coleman Avenue, Ninth Street, and Outlook. High Gate, the James Edwin Watson House, also listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is located in the district.</p><br>
<p>The district contains a variety of the architectural styles that were common from 1850 to 1951. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>The President Street Station in Baltimore, Maryland, is a former train station and railroad terminal. Built in 1849 and opened in February 1850, the station saw some of the earliest bloodshed of the American Civil War , and was an important rail link during the conflict. It is the oldest surviving big-city railroad terminal in the United States.</p><br>
<p>In 1997, a preservation campaign and renovation project was completed, enabling the station to be operated as Baltimore Civil War Museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>The Baltimore and Port Deposit Rail Road (B&PD), founded in 1832, completed a rail line from Baltimore to the western shore of the Susquehanna River in 1837. The railroad&#39;s Baltimore terminus was on the east side of the basin now known as the Inner Harbor at the southern end of President Street.</p><br>
<p>The B&PD exchanged freight cars with the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O), the oldest railroad line in the country, established in 1827, which had built a track along Pratt Street, to the eastern basin harbor area from its original Mount Clare depot on the western side of the central business district.</p><br>
<p>The B&PD and its merger successor company, the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad (PW&B), transferred passengers to the B&Os first downtown depot at East Pratt and South Charles streets by a horse-drawn car on B&Os connecting track. (The Baltimore City Council prohibited the operation of locomotives on this track for reasons of frightening horses and fears of fires).</p><br>
<p>The PW&B started building its own station at the southwestern corner of President Street with Canton Avenue with train yards, including a roundhouse, shops and freight warehouses of about six square city blocks, extending east along Canton Avenue, later renamed Fleet Street. The Greek Revival-style station opened on February 18, 1850.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the brick head house with a distinctive arched roof, the original station also had a 208 ft long barrel vaulted train shed over the tracks. The PW&B added a similarly styled freight house, adjacent to the south of the passenger station, in 1852.</p><br>
<h4>American Civil War</h4><br>
<p>On February 23, 1861, President-elect Abraham Lincoln, traveling in secret after abandoning his inauguration whistle stop train tour, transferred from the President Street Station to Camden Station in order to thwart the Baltimore Plot assassination attempt.</p><br>
<p>The station was involved in the Baltimore riot of 1861, as Massachusetts state militia troops bound for Washington, D.C. were being pulled in several connecting horse cars and later marching to the B&O Camden Station, ten blocks west and were attacked by an angry mob of Southern and Confederate sympathizers, with a large number of civilians and four soldiers killed and many people wounded in the ensuing melee. On Friday, April 19, 1861, Baltimore Southern sympathizers attacked the passing 6th Massachusetts infantry regiment of the state militia and the "Washington Brigade" of Philadelphia from the Pennsylvania state militia. Both units were heading to Washington to reinforce defenses in response to the requests for troops in his proclamation declaring the existence of an insurrection by President Lincoln after the firing on Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor in South Carolina by newly organized Confederate States military forces a few days earlier.</p><br>
<p>In 1873, the newly organized Union Railroad built a new set of tracks in northeastern Baltimore, connecting the original PW&B main line with the Northern Central Railway (NCRY) going north to York and Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The new connection ran through the new Union Tunnel to NCRY&#39;s new Charles Street Station, north of Mount Royal Avenue. The Charles Street Station, originally named "Union Station," was rebuilt twice and renamed "Pennsylvania Station" in 1928.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>The station on North Charles Street and its successors, in the northern reaches of the city, largely replaced the President Street Station for passenger service. The latter continued to serve as a freight station into the 1940s World War II era but served some passenger trains until 1911. The Pennsylvania Railroad, which acquired the PW&B in a merger in 1881, demolished the President Street&#39;s eastern train shed after heavy snow damage in 1913 and erected a new, shorter shed, built with wooden roof trusses.</p><br>
<p>President Street Station was later used as a warehouse. The train shed was destroyed by fire, leaving only the present head house by 1970, when it was abandoned. In 1979, the derelict building was acquired by the City of Baltimore, which planned to demolish it to clear the way for a proposed southern extension of the Jones Falls Expressway (Interstate 83). The proposed extension, which was not built, would have connected to Interstate 95.</p><br>
<p>In 1989, the station&#39;s wooden arched roof collapsed in a snowstorm.</p><br>
<h2>Baltimore Civil War Museum</h2><br>
<p>In the 1990s, a public-private partnership supported by the Friends of the President Street Station (FofPSS) funded the reconstruction/restoration/renovation of the vacant station and historic site, The building reopened in April 1997 as the "Baltimore Civil War Museum" with the assistance of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Museum, located at the nearby Mount Clare Shops.</p><br>
<p>President Street Station, Inc. operated the museum until 2000, when the building lease was partnered with the Maryland Historical Society (MdHS), located on their campus of buildings on West Monument Street, until 2006. The lease/partnership arrangement with the City and the FoPSS originally expired in 2017.</p><br>
<p>The museum temporarily closed in 2007, due to budget constraints by the MdHS in connection with their nearby extension at the new Fells Point Maritime Museum on Thames Street, then re-opened on weekends only, operated by MdHS and subsequently by FofPSS volunteers. The Civil War Museum was open on weekends in February 2010, in observance of Black History Month, although heavy snowfall forced closure of the museum on two weekends.</p><br>
<p>In 2009, the City of Baltimore announced plans to designate the old depot as a landmark, which would restrict modifications to the buildings exterior, and to request proposals for commercial development of the grounds. FofPSS opposed the citys plan, and called instead for the stations preservation and management as a museum by the National Park Service (NPS). The director of Baltimore Citys Commission for Historical and Architectural Preservation, which will review proposals, said that any commercial use "must be subordinate to the history" and that a multi-use partnership would be ideal.</p><br>
<p>As of 2015, Friends of the Pennsylvania Street Station operates the museum.</p><br>
<h2>National Park Service study</h2><br>
<p>In 2015, USA Senators Barbara Mikulski and Benjamin Cardin introduced bill The President Street Station Study Act, which would authorize the National Park Service to study the suitability and feasibility of designating the station as a unit of the National Park System. It was incorporated into the John D. Dingell Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act and enacted in 2019.</p><br>
<p>In 2019 NPS initiated its President Street Station study. In 2022 NPS conducted a public meeting and a public comment period on the study, and stated that the study was expected to be complete in 2023.</p><br>
<p>Dodona Manor, the former home of General George Catlett Marshall , is a National Historic Landmark and historic house museum at 312 East Market Street in Leesburg, Virginia. It is owned by the George C. Marshall International Center, which has restored the property to its Marshall-era appearance of the 1950s. It is nationally significant as the home of George C. Marshall, Chief of Staff of the United States Army during World War II, Secretary of State, President of the American Red Cross, and Secretary of Defense.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Marshall and his wife Katherine purchased the property for $16,000 in 1941 and lived there until his death on October 16, 1959. Legend has it that Katherine paid the owners $10 earnest money and threw the "for sale" sign into the bushes as she left to discourage the competition. Except for a winter home in Pinehurst, N.C., this house was the only home Marshall ever owned, and was the backdrop to quiet conversations and contemplations of international importance. The widowed Katherine gave the house and 3.88 acres to her daughter, Molly Winn, in 1960 when she moved to Pinehurst for permanent residence.</p><br>
<p>When Mrs. Winn expressed her desire to sell the property in the early 1990s, several prominent Leesburg citizens under the leadership of B. Powell Harrison, fearing that the property might fall into commercial hands and be demolished, urged the Town of Leesburg to purchase it. That proved to be impossible, so the citizens formed the George C. Marshall Home Preservation Fund, later the George C. Marshall International Center, and purchased Dodona Manor for $2.3 million. After renovations costing more than $4.5 million, the house opened as a museum on Veterans Day in 2005.</p><br>
<p>Much of the money for the purchase and renovation was donated by European nations that had benefited from the Marshall Plan. Further funding was provided by grants from the Commonwealth of Virginia, National Park Service (Save America&#39;s Treasures program), USA Department of Housing and Urban Development, Garden Club of Virginia, and generous private donations.</p><br>
<p>George C. Marshall&#39;s Dodona Manor was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was named Dodona Manor before the Marshalls purchased it. The name derives from Dodona, a shrine in ancient Greece where priests and priestesses interpreted the rustling of oak (and beech) leaves as messages from the gods. Dating from the second millennium BCE, the Dodona shrine was considered to be second in prestige only to Delphi. Due to the large number of oak trees located on and around the property, naming the house Dodona Manor seemed appropriate.</p><br>
<p>There is evidence that a two-story house existed on the property with five-course American brickwork in the early 1800s. John Drish, who purchased the property in 1805, added a Federal-style wing with Flemish bond brickwork and keystone arches in the mid-1820s and gave the property to his son Wilson Drish, who sold it to Fayette Ball, a distant relative of George Washington, in 1855. In 1856, the Rev. Charles Nourse, principal of the Leesburg Academy, purchased it. He tried unsuccessfully to sell it in 1859, and then opened the Loudoun Female Collegiate Institute in the house in 1860, after completing an addition to increase the number of bedrooms. Subsequent owners included Sophia Delany, Joseph and Martha Prather, Wallace and Sally George, Yvon and Ella Pike and Marcia McCann Ely and Northcutt Ely, who added electricity and indoor plumbing and eventually sold it to the Marshalls. The Marshalls also added a stone court, and changed the wooden porch to a more durable brick.</p><br>
<h2>Collections</h2><br>
<p>Dodona Manor is unique among historic houses because over 90% of the furnishings and memorabilia in the house were owned and used by the Marshalls and were obtained from Mrs. Marshall&#39;s heirs. Due to the extensive disrepair over time, detailed plans for the conservation and placement of the collection and for the reproduction of the original floor and wall coverings were developed by Dr. William Seale, a leading expert in the field, and Anne Horstman, who served as executive vice president of the Marshall Center during the restoration.</p><br>
<p>Among the items are originals or reproductions of art given to the Marshalls, including a reproduction of View of Tinherir, painted by Sir Winston Churchill in Morocco in 1951 and given to the Marshalls in 1953. The original View of Tinherir was sold at auction by Marshall&#39;s granddaughter Kitty Winn in 2006 for £612,800 ($1.2 million in 2024), a record price for a Churchill painting at that time.</p><br>
<p>Another reproduction is Evening, by Russian artist Vassily Baksheyev. The original was a gift to Marshall from Vyacheslav Molotov, foreign minister of the Soviet Union, in 1947 in appreciation for Marshall&#39;s efforts in World War II.</p><br>
<p>Dodona Manor also has an original black and white landscape painted by Soong Mei-ling, wife of the president of the Republic of China, Chiang Kai-shek. She and the Marshalls became close friends when Marshall was President Harry Truman’s special envoy to China in 1946–47, and Madame Chiang visited Dodona Manor on at least one occasion. Other pieces of Chinese art in the house include a painting by Wen Xuan Dai, a gift from the Chiangs to Katherine on her 64th birthday in 1946, and a fish painting by Tzulu Shen gifted by the Chinese Cultural Enterprise as a thank you for Marshall&#39;s efforts in China.</p><br>
<p>For Christmas 1959, two months after Marshall died, President Dwight D. Eisenhower sent a print of his watercolor painting of Mount Eisenhower, currently Castle Mountain, located in Alberta, Canada, to Mrs. Marshall, with a handwritten note. Both are on display in Dodona Manor.</p><br>
<p>Also on display is Marshalls favorite red La-Z-boy next to his General Electric radio and television combination set, where he would listen to his favorite baseball team, the Brooklyn Dodgers, and watch his favorite TV shows including I Love Lucy, Gunsmoke, and American Bandstand in one of the most comfortable rooms in the house, the library. This room includes many treasured items including figurines of a Chinese wedding procession given to Marshall by Madame Chiang Kai-chek, a portrait of Colonel Robert E. Lee, and scores of the Marshalls books, usually historical biographies. Although Lee attended West Point and Marshall attended VMI, Marshall considered General Lee and George Washington brilliant military strategists, which is evident by the multiple portraits seen throughout the house.</p><br>
<p>Due to her fondness for the Marshalls, Madame Chiang was a guest at Dodona Manor many times throughout the 1940s and 1950s. The original master bedroom was converted to a guest bedroom, while George and Katherine occupied the two original guest bedrooms connected by a Jack and Jill bathroom. The use of separate bedrooms suited their different habits: George was a military man who woke up early and enjoyed his own space, similar to the days of military barracks living, whereas Katherine enjoyed sleeping late and having breakfast in bed. Madame Chiang brought with her three to five servants who stayed in the grandchildren&#39;s nursery.</p><br>
<h2>Grounds</h2><br>
<p>To protect the views from Dodona Manor, the George C. Marshall Preservation Fund purchased eleven surrounding properties during the principal restoration, ten of which have since been sold off. A shopping center known as "The Shops at Dodona Manor" is owned by the Marshall Center and generates revenue for the site. The grounds have been restored to their Marshall-era appearance of the 1950s and include a large vegetable garden that was restorative as an antidote to the pressures Marshall felt as Army Chief of Staff. Katherine delighted in growing roses, and a restored rose garden features the types of roses she cultivated. George Marshall himself was known as a great proponent of mulch in gardening.</p><br>
<p>The Literary Club of Cincinnati is located at 500 East Fourth Street, across from Lytle Park in downtown Cincinnati, Ohio. The club occupies a two-story Greek Revival house which was built in 1820, on the site of the home of William Sargent, secretary of the Northwest Territory. The Club was founded in 1849; its membership is limited to 100 men.</p><br>
<p>The club was founded by woman&#39;s rights activist and abolitionist John Celivergos Zachos, Stanley Matthews (judge), Ainsworth Rand Spofford librarian of congress and 9 others. One year later President Rutherford B. Hayes became a member. Other prominent members included President William Howard Taft and notable club guests Ralph Waldo Emerson, Booker T. Washington, Mark Twain, Charles Dickens, Oscar Wilde and Robert Frost.</p><br>
<p>Today, the clubhouse is a contributing property to the Lytle Park Historic District, a historic district that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Among the important roles of the Literary Club is that of historian, who delivers an annual paper on a topic of his choosing that deals with the history of the club. The long-time historian was John A. Diehl, who was elected a member of the club in 1965. After his more than two decades in the post, the club published a book of his papers as historian. The current historian is Robert Vitz.</p><br>
<p>Fort Halifax is a former British colonial outpost on the banks of the Sebasticook River, just above its mouth at the Kennebec River, in Winslow, Maine. Originally built as a wooden palisaded fort in 1754, during the French and Indian War, only a single blockhouse survives. The oldest blockhouse in the United States, it is preserved as Fort Halifax State Historic Site, and is open to the public in the warmer months. The fort guarded Wabanaki canoe routes that reached to the St. Lawrence and Penobscot Valleys via the Chaudière-Kennebec and Sebasticook-Souadabscook rivers. The blockhouse was declared a National Historic Landmark and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1968.</p><br>
<h2>French and Indian War</h2><br>
<p>Fort Halifax was a fort on the north bank of the Sebasticook River. (It had previously been the location of the native Fort Taconnet or Taconock, which natives burned upon the approach of Major Benjamin Church during King William&#39;s War in the late 17th century. ) Its blockhouse, which survives, is the oldest blockhouse in the United States. (The oldest blockhouse in North America is Fort Edward). It was part of a garrison built by the Province of Massachusetts Bay in 1754-1756 at the outset of the French and Indian War. On July 25, 1754, Major General John Winslow arrived with a force of 600 soldiers to establish the fort at the confluence of the Kennebec River with the Sebasticook River. (William Shirley was also on this expedition.) The palisaded defense was intended to prevent Canadiens and their Native American allies from using the Kennebec River valley as a route to attack English settlements. Further, Massachusetts was extending its border into the former region of Acadia and threatening the capital of Canada, Quebec.</p><br>
<p>Fort Richmond was dismantled in 1755 when Fort Shirley (named after William Shirley, also called Frankfort, located in present-day Dresden), Fort Western and Fort Halifax were built upriver.</p><br>
<p>In 1754, Fort Halifax was built by order of the Massachusetts General Court on the peninsula at the confluence of the Sebasticook and Kennebec rivers. The fort was named for George Montagu-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax, the British colonial secretary. A settlement subsequently sprang up under its protection, and was named in honor of Major-General John Winslow, of Marshfield, Massachusetts who had overseen the fort&#39;s construction.</p><br>
<p>The Natives raided the fort in the fall of 1754.</p><br>
<p>In 1755, the commanding officer, Captain William Lithgow, discontinued Major-General Winslow&#39;s original plan for the fort, citing limited manpower and expense. The fort was made smaller and more defensible and was completed in 1756. The Canadiens and Natives immediately made plans to destroy the fort. In May 1756, the natives attacked soldiers from the fort.</p><br>
<p>In 1756, near Topshee, Col Lithgow and a party of 8 men were ambushed by 17 natives, both sides suffering the loss of two men. The natives later killed two more white men in the area. The fort was abandoned in 1766, and was sold into private hands.</p><br>
<h2>American Revolution</h2><br>
<p>In September 1775, Fort Halifax hosted troops under Colonel Benedict Arnold on their expedition to Quebec City. At the end of the American Revolution, most of Fort Halifax was dismantled. By the early 19th century, only the blockhouse on the Sebasticook still stood. Later in the century, tourists visited the fort, especially railway passengers and students from Colby College. These guests carved chunks of wood from the blockhouse as souvenirs.</p><br>
<h2>19th - 20th Century</h2><br>
<p>In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, ownership of Fort Halifax blockhouse changed hands numerous times. The structures of the fort deteriorated, and eventually everything except the surviving blockhouse was demolished. From 1924 to 1966, the Fort Halifax Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution owned the blockhouse and was responsible for its upkeep. The DAR turned the property over to the state in 1966. The town purchased the property surrounding the blockhouse in 1976 and 1982, with the plan to rehabilitate the area and develop a park.</p><br>
<p>On April 1, 1987, a severe flood dismantled the blockhouse. Twenty-two original logs were recovered, some of them found as far south as forty miles. The blockhouse was reconstructed on its original site in 1988. That fall, the rebuilt blockhouse was dedicated in a ceremony that drew hundreds of guests.</p><br>
<p>The Town of Winslow in 2011 drafted plans to rebuild some of the fort and to expand and improve interpretive displays, trails, and recreational opportunities at the site.</p><br>
<p>The Silas Gardner House is a colonial stone house at the junction of routes 52 and 300 in the Gardnertown section of the Town of Newburgh in Orange County, New York. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1980. The house was built in 1783 for Silas Gardner, a miller.</p><br>
<p>Gardner was the first to build a home in the area that would take its name from him. This name was kept despite his history during the Revolutionary War. He had at first supported his fellow colonists&#39; demands for redress from Britain, but felt actually declaring independence was a reckless move that would backfire on the colonists and stayed out of the war. Later developments led him to aid the wife of a British officer from the area in escaping to Canada.</p><br>
<p>The house stood vacant for years after his descendants left it in the late 19th century. It might have had to be demolished until a family that had moved to the area from Minnesota bought it and renovated it in the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>Van Cortlandt Manor is a 17th-century house and property built by the Van Cortlandt family located near the confluence of the Croton and Hudson Rivers in the village of Croton-on-Hudson in Westchester County, New York, United States. The colonial era stone and brick manor house is now a museum and is a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>By royal charter, Van Cortlandt Manor was originally a 86,000 acre tract granted as a Patent to Stephanus Van Cortlandt in 1697 by King William III, stretching from the Hudson River on the west to the first boundary line between the Province of New York and the Colony of Connecticut, on the east, twenty English miles in width by ten in height, in shape nearly a rectangular parallelogram, forming, "The Manor of Cortlandt." The massive holding was acquired by direct purchase from the Indians, in part, by Stephanus van Cortlandt, a native born Dutch gentleman of New York, and in part by others whose titles he subsequently bought. The Manor also included a small tract on the west side of the Hudson River opposite the promontory of Anthony&#39;s Nose, which van Cortlandt also purchased from the Indians.</p><br>
<p>The Manor House was built sometime before 1732 but was not any owner&#39;s principal residence until a grandson, Pierre Van Cortlandt, moved there in 1749. At that time the manor house was on a 1,000 acre portion of the original tract.</p><br>
<p>Pierre brought his family to the estate in 1749 and created the manor&#39;s most vibrant days, according to some. He established a self-sustaining community of an apple orchard, dairy farm, bee house, kiln, tavern, and carpenter and blacksmith shops.</p><br>
<p>At this time, though, tensions leading to the Revolutionary War were building and the manor would become a place of wartime retreat. Pierre sided with the colonies and the manor was used to assist the Continental Army, using its resources to make food and supplies. Pierre was involved with military legislature, and his son Philip was a soldier for the Continental Army. Eventually Pierre and his family vacated the manor in the thick of the war. The manor was ransacked by the British Army and left in poor standing. Philip, becoming a brigadier general by the war&#39;s end, returned and, along with his sister, Catherine, brought the manor back to working order.</p><br>
<p>Van Cortlandt Manor became an essential stop on the route from New York to Albany in the years that followed the war. The mills were once again thriving and provided the community and travelers with food, supplies, and lodging. Pierre and his wife did not return until 1803 once the manor was in full working order again.</p><br>
<p>The manor was passed down in the family until it was sold to a non-relative, Otis Taylor, in 1945. By this time the property had lost luster, and was not the flourishing estate it had once been. Some buildings and barn houses were taken down to accommodate for more modern facilities, such as a drive-in movie theater.</p><br>
<p>In 1953 John D. Rockefeller Jr. purchased the property and began restoring the manor to previous prominence. In 1961, Van Cortlandt Manor became registered as a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>The house is not included in the area of the hamlet of Cortlandt Manor, New York. It is one of the historic sites owned and operated by Historic Hudson Valley.</p><br>
<p>The Franklin Residences is a historic apartment building located at 834 Chestnut Street in Center City, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It opened on January 14, 1925, as the Benjamin Franklin Hotel and was named after United States Founding Father Benjamin Franklin.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>The site</h3><br>
<p>The first hotel on the site was the Continental Hotel, built from 1857 to 1860. The 700-room, six-story hotel was designed in the Italianate style by architect John McArthur Jr., who also designed the Philadelphia City Hall. The luxurious hotel boasted one of the first elevators in the country, and a grand stairway made from polished Italian marble. Its main entrance was redesigned by noted Philadelphia architect Frank Furness in 1876.</p><br>
<p>Among its famous guests were Ulysses S. Grant, Andrew Johnson, Charles Dickens, King Edward VII, and Brazilian Emperor Dom Pedro. However, its most notable guest was president-elect Abraham Lincoln, who gave a speech from the hotel&#39;s balcony on February 21, 1861, just before his March 4 inauguration.</p><br>
<p>The aging hotel was demolished in 1924 for construction of a massive new replacement. The lamp from the balcony Lincoln spoke from was retained for the new structure and still hangs today on a balcony known as the "Lincoln Balcony," at the same spot as the one from which Lincoln spoke.</p><br>
<h3>Hotel</h3><br>
<p>The Benjamin Franklin Hotel, opened on January 14, 1925, named for Founding Father and Philadelphian, Benjamin Franklin. It was designed by prominent American Gilded Age architect Horace Trumbauer, built by Niagara Falls businessman Frank A. Dudley and operated by the United Hotels Company of America.</p><br>
<p>The Benjamin Franklin made news in 1947, when the segregated establishment refused to accommodate the Brooklyn Dodgers, who had used the hotel for years, because of the presence of Jackie Robinson, the first African-American player in Major League Baseball. The Bellevue-Stratford Hotel agreed to house the team that day. The team later moved their permanent accommodations to The Warwick Hotel.</p><br>
<p>William Chadwick was the general manager for many years in the 1960s to 1970s, followed by Harry Gilbert and then Tom Johnson just prior to the hotel&#39;s closing in the 1980s. Also on the staff in the late 1960s to early 1970s was Robert C. Bennett, Jr., grandson of noted 1930s hotel manager Claude H. Bennett, and in 1974 the founding professor of the hotel management degree program at Delaware County Community College.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was owned by Bankers Securities Corporation which owned several Philadelphia hotels, including the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel, the Sullivan, and the former Holiday Inn near the football/baseball stadiums. During the Army-Navy Game each year, the hotel traditionally hosted Army. The 1970s were a slow period with hotels hoping to benefit by the 1976 Bicentennial Celebration in the original Thirteen Colonies. However, the 1976 celebration was not the tourist financial success expected.</p><br>
<p>Also, in 1976 the state of New Jersey legalized casino gambling, which further diluted the hotel industry demand in greater Philadelphia as new hotels opened in Atlantic City. The hotel closed in 1980, and the vacant building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h3>Apartment building</h3><br>
<p>The hotel was converted to house 412 apartments and 120,000 ft&sup2; of office space. It reopened in 1986 as the Benjamin Franklin House - affectionately referred to as "The Ben" by many Philadelphians.</p><br>
<p>During the renovation, the historic grand ballroom of the hotel was converted into office space. This resulted in objections by the National Park Service, so the ballroom was restored in 1988 to qualify for federal tax credits. One of Philadelphia&#39;s largest ballrooms, it is now managed by Finley Catering and used for banquet/weddings, marketed as Ballroom at the Ben.</p><br>
<p>The building was purchased by Korman Communities in 2011. They invested $13 million in renovations and renamed it "The Franklin Residences" in 2014. The Franklin Residences specializes in studio, one, and two bedroom luxury apartments, as well as fully furnished suites with flexible leases for individuals needing temporary accommodations.</p><br>
<p>The finale of the Oscar-winning 2012 film Silver Linings Playbook was filmed in the building&#39;s ballroom and its lobby.</p><br>
<p>Pohick Church, previously known as Pohick Episcopal Church, is an Episcopal church in the community of Lorton in Fairfax County, Virginia, United States. Often called the "Mother Church of Northern Virginia," the church is notable for its association with important figures in early Virginian history such as George Washington and George Mason, both of whom served on its vestry.</p><br>
<p>The present structure was completed in 1774 and underwent significant renovations beginning in 1874 and 1890. It is two stories tall with a hipped roof and modillioned cornice, with an interior of early Colonial Revival design. The church building was added to the Virginia Landmarks Register in 1968 and National Register of Historic Places in 1969.</p><br>
<p>The church&#39;s archive includes the original vestry book of Truro Parish, Virginia</p><br>
<p>Truro Parish, dating to 1732; a 1761 prayer book imported by Washington; and the grave marker of Katherine Popkins, dated 1766, which is the lone surviving stone from the graveyard of the congregation&#39;s former location in Colchester. Charles Mason Remey had contracted a family mausoleum on the grounds in 1937, but "the Remeum" became the target of vandalism and was demolished beginning in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early colonial period: first churches</h3><br>
<p>The origins of Pohick Church can be traced to a chapel of ease for Overwharton Parish, which appears to have been built around 1695 in the Woodlawn area of today&#39;s community of Mount Vernon. This church, the first in the parish and thus the first in Northern Virginia, was recorded in a 1715 land grant as being along the Potomac Path, the "county main road," which today is USA Route 1. In 1730 the parish relocated the church south, building a frame structure, the so-called "church above Occoquan Ferry" near what later became the community of Colchester. The site of this church is today occupied by Cranford United Methodist Church; there, a stone in the churchyard marks the original site of Pohick Church, and a walkway of oversized brick on the property is thought to date from the period of the original building. No other trace of the original structure or its site exists; the last remnant was the cemetery, whose location is known but which was empty of grave markers by 1938.</p><br>
<p>By 1730, the population of the parish had grown substantially, and it was decided by the Virginia General Assembly to create a new parish, Hamilton, out of Overwharton to better serve the needs of the people. The church at Occoquan became the parish church of this new parish. In 1732 another split was made, and Truro Parish was formed; the church, now renamed "Pohick Church" in honor of its position along Pohick Creek, became the parish church for this new parish as well, being the only church then in the neighborhood. The first person to preach there was the Reverend Lawrence DeButts,</p><br>
<p>Dr. Charles Green was the first rector of Pohick Church; he was successfully sponsored by Augustine Washington, father of George, who was elected to the church vestry in 1735. Washington demanded Greens ouster from his post at the church; Green refused, and brought countersuit against Washington for slander, whereupon the latter demanded an ecclesiastical trial. This took place in the chapel of the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg beginning on November 6, 1745; before a verdict was reached, however, Governor William Gooch stepped in and ordered Green to drop the suit, in exchange for which he would not be removed from his post. In the end, the rector remained at Pohick for the next twenty years as a respected clergyman; at his death in 1765 George Washington served as his executor. Masseys duties frequently took him to other churches in the parish, and as a result Pohick Church was not open for services every Sunday of the year.</p><br>
<p>George Mason began his long association with the church in February 1749–50, when he was named warden to replace the deceased Jeremiah Bronaugh; he would go on to serve the congregation as a vestryman until the dissolution of vestries after the American Revolutionary War. Also elected to the post of warden, on October 25, 1762, was George Washington. He, too, would go on to serve as vestryman, attending frequent meetings at the church despite its distance from his home at Mount Vernon; he also remained otherwise quite active in the parish, and is said to have often persuaded house guests to attend services with him. In October 1763, Washington and George William Fairfax were appointed churchwardens for the following year.</p><br>
<h3>Construction of the present church</h3><br>
<p>By 1767, the Pohick vestry determined that the now-dilapidated frame structure serving the parish should be replaced. George Washington argued the need for finding a new location, although he is reported to have stalked out of the meeting, exclaiming, "That&#39;s what gentlemen get for engaging in a debate with a damned surveyor!" The final vote was seven to five in favor of moving the site of the church. The new location was settled on, and a building committee was impaneled; its members were Washington, Mason, George William Fairfax, Daniel McCarty, and Edward Payne. Recalling the Biblical image of a "city upon a hill", the highest point of land in the vicinity was chosen as the site of the new church.</p><br>
<p>Twenty percent of the building&#39;s cost was raised at a 1772 auction of pews in which many local landowners participated; the remainder came from tithes and other contributions, The churchyard was laid out at a meeting of the vestry, held on the future site of the church, in 1769; three acres and twenty-six perches of land were purchased, at the rate of a guinea an acre, and the deed was made by Daniel French of Rose Hill, also the first contractor of the building. French was to be paid £877 for his work, in Virginia currency.</p><br>
<p>The original plan for Pohick Church was drawn up by James Wren, and was identical to that used for both The Falls Church and Christ Church in Alexandria, Virginia; however, at some point during the construction process the footprint of the church was altered to that seen today. Some sources have claimed that George Washington himself drew up the design for the building, and at least one hints that George Mason, too, might have provided input; however, records show that in March 1769 the vestry paid James Wren and William West for the church plans. and oversight passed to William Buckland, who was also involved in the building of Gunston Hall nearby, and who may have participated in the decoration of the church interior as well; it is possible that Buckland took over the work at the instigation of his employer, George Mason, who had assumed many of Frenchs debts and obligations at the latters death.</p><br>
<p>An early plan describing the initial disposition and ownership of pews in the building was copied by Benson Lossing and republished by him in 1859; the original is currently unlocated. A 1774 entry in the church vestry book assigns an unusual order to four of the pews, stating: "Ordered that the Upper Pew in the new Church adjoining the South Wall be appropriated to the Use of the Magistrates and Strangers, and the Pew opposite thereto to the use of their Wives, and the two Pews next below them be appropriated to the Vestrymen and Merchants and their Wives, in like manner." The two most notable pewholders were George Mason and George Washington; other pews were kept by William Triplett, George William Fairfax, Alexander Henderson, Lund Washington (cousin of George), John Manley, Martin Cockburn, and Daniel McCarty. The eight pews located in the west end of the church were set aside for "Inhabitants and House Keepers of the Parish".</p><br>
<p>Construction of the church building was completed in 1774, just before the start of the American Revolutionary War. Early discussions of the Fairfax Resolves took place at the site in that year; among those in attendance at the meetings were George Washington and George Mason, and Rector Massey was among the signatories at their adoption. William Grayson is said to have been a member of the congregation in these years as well, and he is recorded as having served as an attorney for Truro Parish on numerous occasions.</p><br>
<h3>Early Federal period</h3><br>
<p>With the Religious Freedom Act of 1785, the Virginia General Assembly formally disestablished the Church of England. Many former Anglican turned Episcopal churches, fell into decline, including Pohick Church. Another fixture at the church was Reverend Charles ONeill, remembered chiefly for having been presented with a used suit of Washingtons clothes, which he would wear while preaching, although it did not fit him well; he was held to be quite popular among local families.</p><br>
<p>Little else is known of the history of the structure from 1777 to 1836, although the vestry book records that George Washington resigned from the vestry in 1782, and that Rector Massey ceased his regular duties shortly thereafter due to ill health. Furthermore, Washington is known to have stopped attending regular services at Pohick by this time, having instead shifted his attention to Christ Church in Alexandria as his preferred house of worship; even so, he kept up payments on his pew at the church, and purchased that of his cousin Lund as well. In 1801 John Davis wrote a surviving account of a service at Pohick Church; it indicates that at the time of his visit approximately half the congregation was white and half black. Davis also attended a number of services preached by Weems, and found them well-attended.</p><br>
<p>Oral tradition indicates that Pohick Church was targeted by the British during the War of 1812 for its association with George Washington. One of the parishioners had carved a wooden dove, gilded it, and placed it on Washington&#39;s former pew, although some accounts state instead that it was affixed to the pulpit. According to the story, the sculpture was decapitated by a British soldier who also removed its wings, and was then thrown into the church courtyard, whence it was later retrieved. It was returned to the family of the sculptor, a Mr. Bowie, and passed down among his descendants before being returned to the congregation in 1988. It is on display in the parish house of the church. Otherwise, it is recorded that the interior of the building remained largely intact until the time of the American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>William Meade, later to become Episcopal Bishop of Virginia, visited the church in the summer of 1837, and described what he had seen in an address made the following year:</p><br>
<p>My next visit was to Pohick Church, in the vicinity of Mt. Vernon, the seat of General Washington. It was still raining when I approached the house, and found no one there. The wide open doors invited me to enter, as they do invite, day and night through the year, not only the passing traveller, but every beast of the field and fowl of the air. These latter however seemed to have reverenced the house of God, since few marks of their pollution were to be seen throughout it. The interior of the house, having been well built, is still good. The chancel, Communion table and tables of the law &c. are still there and in good order. The roof only is decaying; and at the time I was there the rain was dropping on these sacred places and on other parts of the house. On the doors of the pews, in gilt letters, are still to be seen the names of the principal Families which once occupied them. How could I, while for at least an hour traversing those long aisles, ascending the lofty pulpit, entering the sacred chancel, forbear to ask, And is this the House of God which was built by the Washingtons, the Mc.Cartys, the Lewises, the Fairfaxes?—the house in which they used to worship the God of our fathers according to the venerable forms of the Episcopal Church, and some of whose names are still to be seen on the doors of those now deserted pews? Is this also destined to moulder piecemeal away, or, when some signal is given, to become the prey of spoilers, and to be carried hither and thither and applied to every purpose under heaven?</p><br>
<p>On the strength of this appeal, the Reverend W. P. C. Johnson, then serving as a tutor at Gunston Hall, was able to raise fifteen hundred dollars for repairs, largely on the strength of the Bishops account; Meade further noted, however, that the doors belonging to the Washington and Mason pews were gone, although most of the others remained. Among those who provided funds to fix the leaking roof were John Quincy Adams, Martin van Buren, Daniel Webster, Francis Scott Key, and Henry Clay. The church continued serving an active Episcopal parish, being staffed sporadically by students from the Virginia Theological Seminary after Johnsons 1840 departure; in addition, a Methodist congregation held services in the building for some years in the 1850s, and a debating society used it for meetings for a time.</p><br>
<p>Benson Lossing attended a Methodist service at Pohick Church on December 10, 1848, and recorded the event in his widely-read Pictorial Field Book of the Revolution; he stated in his account that during the service he sat in the Washington family pew.</p><br>
<p>The earliest known detailed picture of the church building dates to this period in its history; it was painted by John Gadsby Chapman, and shows the dilapidated state to which the structure had been reduced. Dating to 1835, it is believed to have been painted to raise money for the restoration fund, although this is uncertain. The painting is in the church collection, but has been loaned to Mount Vernon for display.</p><br>
<h3>American Civil War</h3><br>
<p>By 1860, conditions at Pohick Church had deteriorated to such a state that it is unclear whether or not the building remained a consecrated house of worship at the dawn of the American Civil War. With its proximity to Washington, D.C., the building was quickly embroiled in the fighting that rocked Northern Virginia, The 2nd Michigan Volunteers, under the command of General Samuel P. Heintzelman, raided the church on November 12, 1861.</p><br>
<p>Thaddeus S. C. Lowe soon took over the church as a base of operations, and a garrison stationed at the site began to use the building as quarters. The men left graffiti behind on the church doorposts, quoins, and walls; much of it is still visible today, as are bullet holes in the exterior walls. From this location Lowe repeatedly launched his balloon, Intrepid, to track Confederate troop movements along the Occoquan River, and here he saw the earliest successes of his short-lived Federal Balloon Corps. The church was used as a stable by Union forces during the winter of 1862–63, during which time the interior was stripped of everything save the upper cornice. Some of this damage was documented by Mathew Brady in a photograph taken in 1862.</p><br>
<p>Skirmishes are known to have taken place in the vicinity of the church throughout the war; the area was officially neutral ground, but was populated by guerrillas attempting to disrupt local military operations. Jacob Erwin of Company C of the 1st New York Cavalry, killed in one such action, is believed to have been the first volunteer cavalryman of the Army of the Potomac to have been killed during the conflict.</p><br>
<p>Robert E. Lee is recorded as having been a member of the congregation at some time during this period of its history.</p><br>
<h3>Post-Civil War</h3><br>
<p>The congregation of Pohick Church had scattered thoroughly by the end of the war, so that for a time the building stood empty and unused. In 1874 the structure began to see a return to its original purpose once again. Renovations, paid for by a donor from New York City, were undertaken beginning in that year to make it suitable for use, but no attempt was made to restore the church to its colonial splendor. The box pews were replaced by straight benches, and other architectural elements were added which bore traces of the Victorian Gothic style. and by 1908 the church property consisted of forty-three acres of land as well as the rectory and parish hall.</p><br>
<p>In 1894, the original vestry book of Pohick Church was recovered by Reverend Philip Slaughter, an event which appears to have inspired new interest in the history of the parish. Contributing to the new attitude was the publication of two books, The Life and Correspondence of George Mason by Kate Mason Rowland in 1891 and Dr. Slaughters own The History of Truro Parish in Virginia in 1908. These works, coupled with the efforts during the nineteenth century of Reverend Samuel Wallis, introduced parishioners, previously cognizant only of George Washingtons connection with the church, to the roles played by the McCarty family, George Mason, Jeremiah Bronaugh, and Lee Massey, among others, in its history.</p><br>
<p>Not long after the structure reopened for worship, the Mount Vernon Ladies Association, at the instigation of a member of the vestry, began to take an interest in its workings. The association took a pew in the church, and members sometimes attended services there. and the Daughters of the American Revolution. They were overseen by architect Glenn Brown, and much of the woodwork currently visible in the church is his handiwork. Contributions to the repair fund came from around the country, and descendants of the original pewholders were contacted to restore their respective families pews. Phoebe Hearst provided the money to construct a temporary space for worship to continue while the original church was being refitted; this white frame structure soon became known as "Hearst Hall" in her honor, and went on to serve as a parish hall for the community. Additional support for the project was provided by Harrison Howell Dodge, a member of the vestry who served as superintendent of Mount Vernon for many years. The restoration also saw the replacement of the pulpit with one patterned along colonial lines. In 1912 a pew in the church was dedicated to Ann Pamela Cunningham, first regent of the Ladies&#39; Association, for her work in preserving both Mount Vernon and the church, a dedication which no longer exists.</p><br>
<p>In 1916, an endowment was in the process of being raised to provide support for the congregation, which was described by numerous sources as being poor and lacking the money necessary to support repairs to the building; at this time the rector was Reverend Everard Meade, a grandson of the bishop whose account had earlier made the church&#39;s plight known. Some original pieces of the interior fittings have been returned to the church as part of the restoration works; a piece of the balustrade surrounding the communion rail was sent back by the taker or a member of his family, as was a fragment of the Washington pew; the latter, returned in 1986, provided an indication of the original color of the woodwork, and provided a match to be used in the refitting of the interior. The church continues to be home to an active congregation, members of which give tours of the structure after Sunday services and at sporadic other times; the building is also open for self-guided tours daily. A chapter of the Brotherhood of St. Andrew has existed at the church for many years, and is today one of the largest and most active in the country.</p><br>
<h3>Documentation and recognition</h3><br>
<p>Pohick Church was photographed by Frances Benjamin Johnston in 1930 as part of the Carnegie Survey of the Architecture of the South; it was documented by the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1941. It was added to the Virginia Landmarks Register in 1968 and to the National Register of Historic Places the following year. Restoration and maintenance of the church property are currently overseen by the Historic Pohick Church Foundation, formally known as the Pohick Church Endowment Fund Inc., a nonprofit organization established in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>Pohick Church is a two-story tall rectangular building with a hipped roof and modillioned cornice. The construction material, Flemish bond Such a wall had been part of the original design when the church was completed, but was ultimately rejected by the vestry as being too expensive; it was replaced with a wooden post fence. Stylistically, the church has been described as belonging to the Late Georgian school of architecture, with Palladian tendencies; one source has called it "a sophisticated essay in the Georgian style", and states that it "recalls the more refined dissenter chapels of 18th-century England".</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The church interior, described by one writer as "probably the most sophisticated interior of its time in the colonies", contains two aisles, with a separate entry door for each one. The box pews conform to the traditional English arrangement. Markers have been affixed to many pews in memory of past members of the church community. As nearly the whole of the original interior woodwork was destroyed during the Civil War, what exists today is an example of early Colonial Revival design dating to the restorations of the early twentieth century.</p><br>
<p>Two baptismal fonts remain in the church. The newer of the two was carved by William Copein from a design in a book by Batty Langley; its base was destroyed during the American Civil War and it was removed from the church for some time, although it was later returned.</p><br>
<p>A description of the interior prior to its restoration survives in an oral history of the church:</p><br>
<p>The Church had been practically abandoned for some years and was in a bad state of delapidation, but the beautiful carved work that had been done by William Bernard Sears, soon after the church was built, had not then been molested. My mother used to sit in the church and read the Lords Prayer and Ten Commandments over the Chancel, and admire the gilded dove that Mr. Sears had placed high over the Pulpit. The Eye&#39; which he also had made seemed to be looking at her no matter where she sat.</p><br>
<p>Little remains of the original interior fabric of the church, save for the cornice and one baluster on the chancel rail. Much of the rest is a conjectural reconstruction dating to the early years of the twentieth century. Notably, despite the presence of the second tier of windows, there was no gallery inside during the colonial era; the current gallery was installed early in the twentieth century. Further restoration of the interior is in progress. Contemporary fittings inside the church include needlework cushions in a number of pews, worked by women of the parish and friends of the congregation and depicting symbols and scenes of historic significance both to Pohick Church and the surrounding area; the Episcopal Church as a whole; and the state of Virginia.</p><br>
<h3>Ancillary buildings</h3><br>
<p>On November 5, 1772, during a meeting of the Truro Parish vestry, it was ordered that a vestry house be built at Pohick Church. Specifications were laid that the structure be built of brick, twenty-four by eighteen feet, with a wooden floor and a chimney inside, three windows, and walls one-and-a-half bricks thick. In 1774 the vestry rescinded its order, as the cost of construction was found to be too great. The plan was revived in 1931 to commemorate the bicentennials of both the parish and the birth of George Washington; the resulting structure, completed in that year, was constructed of old brick and incorporates a fireplace mantel from an 18th-century house and a fender from the 1753 glebe house of the parish. The structure, which stands to the east of the church, continues to be used by the vestry for meetings and contains a gift shop as well, proceeds from whose sales are used to support church missions and other outreach projects.</p><br>
<p>To the south of the church is a parish house, completed in 1955 in a style complementary to that of the main building; an addition to this structure was constructed in the 1980s. To the southwest sits the rectory, completed in 1963. The belfry in the churchyard was erected at the time of the restoration works in the early twentieth century, and was fitted at its construction with a bronze bell inscribed "In Memory of Washington&quot it was the gift of a donor from New York, Augustus Schermerhorn. None of these ancillary structures is included in the National Register nomination, nor are they considered of historic significance in the County&#39;s discussions of the site.</p><br>
<h2>Archives and collections</h2><br>
<p>Numerous gifts have been presented to Pohick Church over the years; these include a plate and cup of hammered silver, dating to 1711 and 1716 respectively; a chalice from the United States Marine Corps; a bread box and silver cruets, from the Corps of Engineers; and a silver paten. More recent gifts have included several pieces of silver crafted in Alexandria. A cross for the altar table was provided by the Bishop of Washington, D.C.</p><br>
<p>Due to the vicissitudes of the congregation&#39;s history, the archives of Pohick Church are not extensive. Nevertheless, they do contain a handful of notable books and documents. Chief among these is the original vestry book of Truro Parish, which documents every vestry from 1732 until the organization was disbanded on January 23, 1785. The book was then used by the Overseers of the Poor, legal successors to the vestry, until 1802. The book was lost for 75 years – William Meade writes that he "can hear no tidings" of it in Old Churches and Families in Virginia, published in 1857 – but was eventually repurchased by the church for $20. It was held for a time at Mount Vernon, and was later deposited with the Library of Congress, with copies left with the church office for record-keeping. The vestry book has been digitized, and is available online for perusal.</p><br>
<p>Other books in the church archive include a 1761 prayer book imported by George Washington, later adapted by erasure and insertion from the old order into the new. A two-volume Bible of 1796 was donated to the church in 1802 by George Washington Parke Custis; it is inscribed inside by him, and further contains an inscription written by a Civil War soldier who took possession of it in 1861. It was later found in a collection of old books which had been donated to the church by an unknown person. The pledge book circulated by Reverend Johnson to raise funds for repairs, which contains the signatures of many notables of the period, still exists. The archive also contains the grave marker of Katherine Popkins, dated 1766, which is the lone surviving stone from the graveyard of the congregation&#39;s former location in Colchester.</p><br>
<h2>Cemetery</h2><br>
<p>The cemetery of Pohick Church was initially surveyed and platted to the west of the church building, and was only officially organized in 1886. Burials are formally recorded as having taken place in the churchyard beginning in 1840, although oral tradition among some local families indicates that some interments took place as early as the 1790s, and John Gadsby Chapman&#39;s painting of the church dated 1835 depicts some tombstones in the yard, several broken or toppled, near the site of the current vestry house. Locations of these earlier graves are now unknown; all pre-1886 grave markers seen in the cemetery today have been moved to the site from elsewhere in Fairfax County. Additional land was added to the cemetery in 1920. A memorial garden, accepting only cremated remains, also exists on the church grounds, at the foot of the belfry. The oldest remaining tombstones original to the cemetery are those of Eliza Harover, erected in 1865, and John Robertson, dating to the following year; the burial of Ann S. Nevitt, on October 2, 1875, is the first for which a written record was kept.</p><br>
<p>A number of figures notable in the early history of Fairfax County and the surrounding area are buried in the cemetery, many of their graves having been moved from other sites over the years. Among these are a number of members of the Fitzhugh family, including Continental Congressman William Fitzhugh. The Fitzhugh plantation, Ravensworth, was the centerpiece of the largest landholding in the county; its plantation house was destroyed by fire in 1926, and the graves from the family cemetery were moved to the church in 1957. The graves of several members of the Alexander family, for whom Alexandria is named, were relocated from Preston Plantation in 1922. The grave of Will Harris (died 1698), formerly of Neabsco Plantation in Prince William County, is the oldest in Fairfax County; it was moved from its original location in 1954 as a result of highway construction. Other graves and gravestones in the churchyard were moved from Summer Hill, Bradley, Stisted (in the former town of Colchester), Mount Air, Cedar Grove, Belmont, Springfield, Cameron, and Halstead plantations; also reinterred there were remains from the West family cemetery in Alexandria. Daniel French, original contractor of the present church building, is also buried in the churchyard; at his death in 1771, he was interred at Rose Hill, but his grave was moved in 1954. The grave of the wife of the first rector of the current church, Elizabeth Massey, is near the vestry house; her husband, Lee, is interred inside the church building. Both of their bodies were moved from the cemetery of their plantation, Bradley, in 1908. The grave of William Brown, Surgeon General of the Continental Army and personal physician to George Washington, is also among those which have been removed to the churchyard over the years.</p><br>
<p>Other notable figures buried at Pohick Church include Marion Moncure Duncan, the 25th President General of the Daughters of the American Revolution, and the novelist and playwright Paul Kester. Kester, whose brother Vaughan is memorialized inside the church, George A. Malcolm, teacher at the Lorton Valley School and Fairfax County deputy sheriff, is also interred in the churchyard; he was shot on April 6, 1905, while attempting to arrest a man who had been harassing students at the school, and became the County&#39;s first law enforcement officer to be killed in the line of duty. Harrison Howell Dodge is also buried in the cemetery, Near the Fitzhugh graves is a memorial marker to Long Tom, a chief of the Doeg tribe, who according to legend was killed by Susanna Alexander to save either herself or her husband John during an attack. According to Alexander family lore, he was buried at the Preston plantation cemetery and his remains were moved to Pohick with those of the family; the exact location of his grave in the churchyard, however, is not known. A memorial to John Augustine Washington, brother of George, was erected by a local chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution in 1986, but it does not mark a known gravesite. Also in the churchyard is the grave of Carnegie Medal recipient John Charles Springer, who served as a vestryman at the church and as secretary of the Historic Pohick Church Foundation.</p><br>
<p>A memorial to the unknown dead interred in the cemetery was erected in 1925, and has since been set into the brick wall surrounding the parish house. It reads:</p><br>
<p>Several surveys of the cemetery have taken place over the years, beginning with that done by Carrie White Avery in 1923. The results of another survey, done in 1967, were published by Edna May Stevens and Lesba Lewis Thompson as Tombstone Records of Pohick Church, Fairfax County, Virginia. A third survey, done by members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from the Annandale, Virginia stake, was sponsored by the Fairfax Genealogical Society; its results were checked against earlier parish records, and the entire survey was rechecked for errors in the summer of 1998.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery remains active and open to members of the congregation for burial; it is not a public cemetery, and interment is restricted to members of the congregation and those non-members with family buried there. Earlier remains continue to be reinterred there as well; if unmarked graves are found on land whose ownership can be traced back to original members of the parish, the church is willing to discuss moving them to the churchyard. Fences and permanent plantings are prohibited in the churchyard, and use of artificial flowers is restricted, as is the design of gravestones.</p><br>
<h3>Remeum</h3><br>
<p>Charles Mason Remey, a descendant of George Mason, contracted with Pohick Church in 1937 to build a family mausoleum on its grounds, to be located on five acres of land about one half-mile south of the church building. Called "the Remeum", it was to be a "magnificent complex of walled courtyards, underground chambers with soaring vaulted ceilings, marble reliefs and statues, carved pillars, chapels and burial vaults", and was planned as a memorial to his family and its contributions to American history. Construction began in 1939; when finished, the structure was four times the size of Pohick Church itself. Sculptural work was done for the mausoleum by Felix de Weldon; reliefs illustrated historic events in which the family participated, and depicted scenes from the lives of Saints Peter, Paul, and Stephen. The structure was guarded by a pair of sleeping lions, and statues inside included depictions of Faith and Charity as well as a copy of the Bruges Madonna of Michaelangelo and life-sized statues of Remey&#39;s parents and wife. Also inside was a massive marble sarcophagus, transported from Lisbon, for Remey himself. The grounds were landscaped, the underground areas electrified. A trust account was established with the church for maintenance. Remey eventually transported the bodies of fifteen other relatives to the mausoleum, mostly from his home state of Iowa. Some two million bricks were used in the construction of the mausoleum, and Remey planned to crown it with a three-story structure that would have dwarfed the church.</p><br>
<p>Problems soon developed, and the mausoleum site became the target of vandals. As a preventative measure, the entrance was bricked up to prevent access, but the wall was breached in 1956. Local teenagers used the tomb as a venue for drinking and partying. By 1958 the church vestry became concerned, and in 1962 refused to grant permission for any more work to be done on the site. Soon negotiations began to break the original contract; in 1968 the property reverted to the church, and Remey was given five years to remove anything of value from the site. Most of the dead were taken by relatives to another family cemetery in New York; Remeys wife Gertrude was reinterred in the main church cemetery. After the last of the bodies were removed, the Remeum was demolished beginning in 1973, and the last of the aboveground ruins was finally bulldozed ten years later. Little remains on the site to mark the former presence of the complex save an obelisk dedicated to Remeys parents and a pair of structures which served as chimneys or vents.</p><br>
<h2>Cultural references</h2><br>
<p>Pohick Church and its cemetery play a large role in the childrens novel Cinnabar, the One OClock Fox by Marguerite Henry, published in 1956. Private Robert Knox Sneden of the Union Army was stationed at the church during the Civil War, and it figures prominently in his diary and watercolors, which were published in 2002 as Eye of the Storm and Images of the Storm.</p><br>
<p>The Dog Iron Ranch, located about two miles east of Oologah, Oklahoma, United States, is a historic ranch which is the birthplace of humorist Will Rogers. It was donated to the State of Oklahoma by the Rogers family, and is now owned and operated by the Cherokee Nation. The current property comprises 400 acre of the original 60,000-acre  ranch operated by Clem Rogers, Will&#39;s father. Originally the ranch contained up to 10,000 Texas Longhorn cattle. The present ranch has 50 Longhorns.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was constructed in 1875 by Clem Rogers, who lived there until his wife died in 1890. His son Will was born on November 4, 1879. It is a two-story Greek Revival style building. The first floor is constructed of native oak, hickory and walnut logs. It measures 48 feet by 32 feet, covering an area of 1,536 ft2. Originally the two front rooms were each 16 ft square, separated by a dog trot that was later enclosed to make a foyer. The downstairs rooms were used as a parlor and a master bedroom that also served as Clem Rogers&#39; office. A lean-to addition comprised the kitchen, dining room and a spare bedroom. The upstairs part over the "front rooms" had two more bedrooms.</p><br>
<p>Clem Rogers was highly influential in local politics; the house served not only as a family residence, but represented a seat of local political power, often called "The White House on the Verdigris."</p><br>
<p>The present barn was erected on July 17, 1993, by two dozen Amish carpenters who knew the traditional notch and peg type of construction that was commonly employed in the 19th century. However, the peak roof is covered with asphalt shingles instead of wooden shakes for greater fire safety. The new barn is 48 ft by 64 ft, instead of 50 ft by 60 ft for economic reasons. The original barn and possibly two replacements had been destroyed by wildfires. The current barn has traditional stalls, and also includes a classroom area usable as an eating area.</p><br>
<p>The house where Will Rogers was born was moved about a mile in the 1960s to its present site on the ranch due to the building of the nearby Lake Oologah reservoir.</p><br>
<p>On March 7, 2016, Governor Mary Fallin signed Senate Bill 1570 into law, effective immediately, which put the Will Rogers Memorial Commission, which governed both the Will Rogers Memorial Museum and the Dog Iron Ranch, under the control of the Oklahoma Historical Society. Ownership of the Will Rogers Birthplace Ranch was transferred to the Cherokee Nation on June 12, 2023; it is open to visitors.</p><br>
<p>The property known as Will Rogers Ranch in Pacific Palisades was purchased by the actor in the early 1930s after Rogers moved to California. It became the Will Rogers State Historic Park (a California State Park) in 1944.</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<p>Luther Burbank&#39;s Gold Ridge Experiment Farm is the official name of the 3 acre that remain of the farm originally purchased in 1885 by famed plant breeder Luther Burbank  in an area of Sebastopol, California, formerly known as the "Gold Ridge District". To these 10 acre, Burbank added 5 acre in 1904 and 3.046 acre in 1906 until, in 1923, failing health compelled him to sell 3.046 acre of his holdings. Burbank died in 1926.</p><br>
<p>In 1974, Burbanks widow Elizabeth Waters Burbank (1888–1977) donated the remaining 15 acre to the Sebastopol Area Housing Corporation for the purpose of erecting low-income, senior, and disabled housing units with the stipulation that the 3 acre parcel containing the "Caretakers Cottage" (that had been constructed a year or two after an older cottage on the property was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake), the barn, the potting shed (destroyed by fire in the late 1960s) and over 250 living specimens of Burbank&#39;s work be set aside and left undisturbed as a historical and horticultural area, dedicated to Burbank, to be studied and enjoyed by future generations. Presently owned by the City of Sebastopol, it is administrated by the Western Sonoma County Historical Society and maintained entirely by volunteers.</p><br>
<h2>History of Gold Ridge Farm</h2><br>
<p>Faced with the need for more room in which to conduct his experiments in perennial plants, trees and shrubs than could be accommodated by his nursery at his home and gardens in Santa Rosa, Burbank purchased Gold Ridge Farm chiefly because of its subtle variations in environments, exposures and elevations. This allowed him to conduct experiments on plants that varied greatly in characteristics. In its heyday, some estimates put the number of Burbank&#39;s on-going plant experiments at Gold Ridge Farm at over 60,000 and tended by a crew of as many as 15 to 20 workers.</p><br>
<p>After Burbanks death in 1926, the remaining extant Burbank plants were cataloged by representatives from Stark Brothers Nursery in Missouri (an influential former client of Burbanks) after which the farm fell into disuse and disrepair until the mid-1970s.</p><br>
<p>The Western Sonoma County Historical Society was formed in Sebastopol at that time from the ranks of local volunteers with the original mission of assuring the preservation and maintenance of Burbank&#39;s Gold Ridge Farm. This mission has expanded to presently include the West Sonoma County Museum (headquartered at the old train depot building in downtown Sebastopol), the Sebastopol Archives and the Triggs Reference Room and genealogical archives.</p><br>
<p>Today, Luther Burbank&#39;s Gold Ridge Experiment Farm is both a horticultural and historical museum where the public can, by docent or self-guided tour, view literally hundreds of the "living legacies" of the man once called "The Plant Wizard".</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Gold Ridge Farm is located at 7777 Bodega Avenue (about 1 mi west of Main Street) in Sebastopol and is open to the public. The Western Sonoma County Historical Society and the West County Museum are located at 261 South Main Street in Sebastopol.</p><br>
<p>The Marble Collegiate Church, founded in 1628, is one of the oldest continuous Protestant congregations in North America. The congregation, which is part of two denominations in the Reformed tradition—the United Church of Christ and the Reformed Church in America—is located at 272 Fifth Avenue at the corner of West 29th Street in the NoMad neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. It was built in 1851–54 and was designed by Samuel A. Warner in Romanesque Revival style with Gothic trim. The façade is covered in Tuckahoe marble, for which the church, originally called the Fifth Avenue Church, was renamed in 1906.</p><br>
<p>The building was designated a New York City landmark in 1967, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The church congregation was founded in 1628 as the Collegiate Reformed Protestant Dutch Church and was affiliated with the Dutch Reformed Church, a Calvinist church in the Netherlands. During its first 150 years, Marble shared its ministers with the other Collegiate congregations as they developed in the city. This pooling of pastoral ministry was abandoned in 1871. The name "Collegiate" remains as part of the heritage of the four such churches in New York City, and they participate in an administrative unit that oversees physical properties and investments held in common. The other congregations are Middle Collegiate, West End Collegiate, and Fort Washington Collegiate.</p><br>
<p>Norman Vincent Peale, author of The Power of Positive Thinking, served as senior minister from 1932 to 1984. Under Peales ministry Marbles influence reached national levels and it became known as "Americas Hometown Church". On November 19, 1961, Lucille Ball married her second husband Gary Morton in the church. Following Peales fifty-two year ministry, Arthur Caliandro served 25 years as the fifth senior minister of Marble Church. In all, he served 42 years on the pastoral staff. During Caliandro&#39;s tenure, MarbleVision, the media ministry of Marble Church, was founded, its first woman minister was ordained, and the first women elders received. In addition, the church added its first new stained-glass window in almost 100 years. In 2009, Michael B. Brown, former pastor of Centenary United Methodist Church in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, succeeded Caliandro as senior minister.</p><br>
<p>Peale was the reason why the Trump family came to attend Marble Collegiate Church; Peale also officiated the first marriage of Donald to Ivana Trump in 1977. In 1993, Marbles Minister Arthur Caliandro performed Trumps marriage to Marla Maples in the Grand Ballroom of the Plaza Hotel owned at the time by Trump. During his 2015–16 run for the Republican Partys presidential nomination, Donald Trump claimed to attend Marble Collegiate Church. Marble stated that though he had a history with the church, Trump was not an active member of Marbles congregation.</p><br>
<p>The church takes an LGBT-welcoming, open and affirming approach to same-gender relationships and non-cisgender identities. This includes the performing of same-sex marriage ceremonies, a designated queer fellowship (GIFTS), annual participation in the NYC Pride parade and sermons and material on the church website encouraging a historical-critical view of Scripture in opposition to the conservative belief in Biblical Inerrancy.</p><br>
<h2>Pastors</h2><br>
<p>Daniel A. Poling, 1922–1939</p><br>
<p>Norman Vincent Peale, 1932–1984</p><br>
<p>Arthur Caliandro, 1984–2009</p><br>
<p>Michael B. Brown, 2009–2018</p><br>
<p>Michael Bos, 2018–</p><br>
<h2>Stained glass</h2><br>
<p>The nave of Marble Church has ten windows measuring 25 x 5 ft (6.72 x 1.52m). Each window has two semi-circular topped lancets divided by a masonry colonette set within a larger semi-circular arch, characteristic of Romanesque architecture. The windows are punctuated by free-hanging upper galleries.</p><br>
<p>When the church first opened in 1854, the windows were clear glazed. In 1891 these were replaced with a simple geometric design of blue-green and amber diamond shaped panes. Senior Minister Dr Burrell wanted to fill the nave with a series of windows depicting scenes from the bible although it was over a century before his aspirations were fully realized.</p><br>
<h3>Frederick Wilson (1858–1932)</h3><br>
<p>The first narrative window to be installed in 1900 depicts Joshua Leading the Israelites by Frederick Wilson. Dublin born Wilson was raised in Liverpool and London. English census records from the late 1870s record him working as a stained-glass artist.</p><br>
<p>In 1892 he and his wife emigrated to the United States. From 1893 to 1923 he was employed by the Tiffany Studios, creating over 500 windows and glass mosaics making him by far their most prolific artist.</p><br>
<p>A second Wilson window, Moses and the Burning Bush (1901), was installed the following year. Both windows display elements of the American opalescent style pioneered by Tiffany Studios.</p><br>
<h3>Roy Coomber (1930–2016)</h3><br>
<p>Almost 100 years passed before any new narrative windows were installed. A committee was formed to continue Dr Burrell’s vision and commission narrative pieces for the other eight windows. The first, by Coomber depicts the Crucifixion and Pentecost. Coomber (1930–2016) studied Art at Brighton College and worked for Goddard and Gibbs of London. His work is found across South West England.</p><br>
<h3>Sarah Hall (b 1951)</h3><br>
<p>Senior ministers Arthur Caliandro and Edwin G. Mulder set up a committee to supervise the new narrative nave windows. The committee engaged the services of the Rambusch Decorating Company</p><br>
<p>This led to commissioning two windows by Canadian artist, Sarah Hall.</p><br>
<p>Nativity was created in 2000. Peaceful Kingdom the following year.</p><br>
<h3>Debora Coombs</h3><br>
<p>The next two windows were by British born artist Debora Coombs, who studied at Edinburgh, Swansea and the Royal College of Art.</p><br>
<p>Coombs moved to America to design an entire scheme of twenty new stained glass windows for St. Marys Cathedral (Portland, Oregon) described as the first jewel in an American crown&#39;</p><br>
<p>Work for the Marble Collegiate on Stilling the Storm began shortly after the September 11 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Centre just three miles away. The window shows human response to crisis, just before calm is restored. Coombs’ mastery of the medium manifests itself in the way the leadlines joining each piece of glass disappear into the composition. Her second window depicts the Sermon on the Mount (2004).</p><br>
<h3>Nikki Vogt</h3><br>
<p>When Marble approached Rambusch to suggest an artist for the next windows they recommended their former head designer/glass painter Nikki Vogt. Vogt said becoming a stained-glass artist was a surprise. "It’s not like you decide to pursue it, it finds you, she says." Vogt worked with Rambusch to create two windows Good Samaritan (2006) and Prodigal Son (2007) with Rambusch fabricating and installing the windows.</p><br>
<h3>Kenneth Crocker</h3><br>
<p>Whilst the two Vogt windows were being manufactured, Rambusch engaged English artist Kenneth Crocker to work on the final window depicting The Creation. As late as 2022, Crocker was working for the Willet Houser Company where he was the designated artist for a new window in the First Presbyterian Church of Tulsa documenting its history.</p><br>
<p>St. Georges Episcopal Church is an historic Episcopal church located at 319 Front Street  in Hempstead, New York. It was constructed in 1822 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 as St. Georges Church.</p><br>
<p>The Rectory of St. George&#39;s Episcopal Church is an historic rectory located at 217 Peninsula Boulevard in Hempstead. It</p><br>
<p>was listed on the National Register, in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Founded in 1702, the church was re-erected in 1734 to replace the original. However, its current edifice was built in 1822 following the second church&#39;s destruction.</p><br>
<p>In 1735, it received a charter from King George II.</p><br>
<p>During the American Revolution, Hempstead was a hotbed of British sympathizers or Tories, as they were known. The British attempted to occupy Hempstead after the Battle of Long Island and used St. George&#39;s as a headquarters as well as a place to worship. Local folklore has it that the rooster weather vane atop the steeple has sixteen bullet marks placed there by Hessian mercenaries who used it for target practice. American troops occupied the church for a period under Ezekiel Cornell from Rhode Island. Cornell "converted the Episcopal Church into a store house, forbid the parson to pray for the King or any of the Royal Family and made use of the communion table as a convenience for his Yankees to eat upon."</p><br>
<p>Both the church and its rectory are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Erection (1734)</h2><br>
<p>On April 2, 1734, John Mott and Thomas Gildersleeve, by order of the town, set apart half an acre for a new church, west of the old one. At first, the church was only half pewed; there were eighteen pews, presumably square. The first pew was given to George Clarke, Secretary to the Governor, who lived in Hyde Park (the modern nearby village of New Hyde Park, which was then called Hyde Park) and was a benefactor to the church.</p><br>
<p>On November 1, 1734, at a town meeting, the majority voted to move the seats out of the old church into the new.</p><br>
<h2>Petition to Charter the Church</h2><br>
<p>June 27, 1735, names of petitioners for this charter of the church:</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Robert Jenney, Rector.</p><br>
<p>James Albertus</p><br>
<p>Robert Marvin</p><br>
<p>George Balden</p><br>
<p>Jacamiah Mitchell</p><br>
<p>Gerhardus Clowes, clerk of Vestry</p><br>
<p>Joseph Mott</p><br>
<p>Charles Peters</p><br>
<p>William Cornell, Sr. & Jr.</p><br>
<p>James Pine, Sr.</p><br>
<p>John Cornell, Jr.</p><br>
<p>John Roe</p><br>
<p>John Cornell</p><br>
<p>Micah Smith</p><br>
<p>Richard Cornell, Jr.</p><br>
<p>Peter Smith, Jr.</p><br>
<p>William Cornell</p><br>
<p>Timothy Smith</p><br>
<p>Thomas Cornell, Jr.</p><br>
<p>Peter Smith</p><br>
<p>Isaac Germon</p><br>
<p>Jacob Smith</p><br>
<p>Thomas Gildersleeve</p><br>
<p>Joseph Smith</p><br>
<p>George Gildersleeve</p><br>
<p>Silas Smith</p><br>
<p>Daniel Hewlett</p><br>
<p>Robert Sutton</p><br>
<p>James Hugins</p><br>
<p>Richard Thorne, Esq.</p><br>
<p>Joseph Langdon</p><br>
<p>Joseph Thorne, Esq.</p><br>
<p>William Langdon</p><br>
<p>Thomas Williams</p><br>
<p>Thomas Lee</p><br>
<h2>Consecration</h2><br>
<p>On Tuesday, April 22, 1735, the Governor, with his wife and family, set out for Hempstead to be present at the consecration of the church. Along with him came: his son-in-law and daughter, the then-Secretary George Clarke, the Chief Justice Delancey, Reverend Vesey, some of the clergy, and a great many of the principal merchants and gentlemen and ladies of the City of New York. About six miles west of Jamaica, the Governor was met by the troops of horse, who escorted him to Jamaica, where dinner was provided for him and all of his company. In the afternoon, he proceeded to Hempstead, (escorted as before), where he arrived in the evening and was entertained by the Reverend Robert Jenney, St. George&#39;s minister.</p><br>
<p>The next day, being St. Georges Day, the regiment of militia and troops were drawn up on both sides, from Jenneys house to the church. The Governor, attended by some of the most prominent men in the county, walked to the church. There, a sermon was preached on the occasion, for an extremely crowded audience, by Jenney, from Psalms 115, verses 1 and 2.</p><br>
<p>After the service, the Governor reviewed the regiment of militia and troops standing under arms and expressed his satisfaction on the appearance both of the officers and men. The Governor was afterwards entertained by Colonel Tredwell, commander of the regiment. In the evening, he was entertained by Colonel Cornwell, of Rockaway, in the same manner.</p><br>
<p>A generous collection was made for the church on this occasion:</p><br>
<p>The Governor gave the King&#39;s arms, painted and gilded</p><br>
<p>Secretary George Clarke gave a crimson damask set of furniture for the communion table, pulpit and desk</p><br>
<p>John Marsh gave a silver basin for baptism.</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Mr. Vessey and his people had already contributed about £50.</p><br>
<h2>The Current St. George&#39;s</h2><br>
<p>The current building contains oak interior columns that were dragged across the Hempstead Plains by horse, then hewn and installed in the sanctuary. They span from ground to roof and show little sign of their great age. More than one of the beautiful stained glass windows was designed by Tiffany Studios, and the padded pew boxes hearken to days of old on Long Island when the well-to-do would arrive at church in park drag coaches to take their place in the front pew boxes.</p><br>
<p>The Dalles Carnegie Library is a historic former library building located in The Dalles, Oregon, United States. It is one of the thousands of libraries whose construction was funded by Andrew Carnegie. The construction grant of $10,000 was approved in March 1907, and it was dedicated in September 1910.</p><br>
<p>The building was used as the local public library until September 1966. In 1967 the building was leased from the city and converted into an art center. In 1997 the city deeded the building The Dalles Art Association, which continues the building&#39;s arts function. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The building is approximately 50 by, is Beaux-Arts classical in style, and is constructed of brick with concrete foundation walls and window sills. There is a hip roof and tall brick chimneys with flared tops extending above the eaves. The building remains much as it was when constructed, with extensive original trim, a fireplace on the south wall upstairs, large windows, and the integrity of the exterior appearance is intact. Some minor modifications, including a small office and kitchenette have been added in the southwest corner upstairs.</p><br>
<p>Forest Retreat is a historic home of Kentucky governor  and United States Senator Thomas Metcalfe, located in Nicholas County, Kentucky. It is currently operated as a Bed & Breakfast hotel and event venue.</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1795. The grounds of Forest Retreat include the Metcalfe family burial plot. Interred at this plot are Thomas Metcalfe (1780–1855) and various of his relatives, and 1954 Kentucky Derby-winning horse, Determine. Thomas Metcalfe was a stonemason and later 10th Governor of Kentucky, and he contributed to the building of this house then later retired to here.</p><br>
<p>The farm deteriorated until 1933 when it was bought by Dr. Eslie Asbury. Later his son used it as a working farm and he had a horse, Determine, win the 1954 Kentucky Derby.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. The 22 acre listing included three contributing buildings in addition to the farmhouse.</p><br>
<p>An earlier home of Thomas Metcalfe, the Thomas Metcalf House in Robertson County, is also listed on the National Register. It was built by Thomas in c.1810.</p><br>
<p>Brookwood Hills is a historic neighborhood located in intown Atlanta, Georgia, United States, north of Midtown and south-southwest of Buckhead. Home to about 1000 people, it was founded in the early 1920s by Benjamin Franklin Burdett and his son, Arthur. The site of the neighborhood is located where some of the bloodiest battles of the American Civil War took place during the Atlanta Campaign.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Brookwood Hills is located near the heart of Atlanta, only a few miles away from the skyscrapers of its major business districts. It is connected by three entrances to Peachtree Road, and has no other outlet. Brookwood Hills is bordered roughly by Peachtree on the west, Interstate 85 on the south, the Norfolk Southern and MARTA tracks (just south of Peachtree Creek) to the north, and Clear Creek to the east.</p><br>
<p>The Brookwood neighborhood, for which Brookwood Hills was named, is located immediately southwest of the southern tip of Brookwood Hills. This is in turn immediately north of the major freeway interchange called the "Brookwood split", which joins I-75 to the northwest and I-85 to the northeast into the Downtown Connector to the south.</p><br>
<p>The Brookwood Hills Community Club (BWHCC) also owns the park and pool in the center of Brookwood Hills.</p><br>
<h2>History and development</h2><br>
<p>Brookwood Hills was the creation of the Burdett family. Benjamin first created the neighborhood on the Battlefield of Peachtree Creek owned by himself and local Thomas Collier. The streets were built in accordance to the hilly terrain, instead of grid form, as was popular at the time. Mr. Burdett planted oak saplings during Brookwood Hills&#39; founding, which now stand tall and are the trademark quality of the neighborhood. The area developed by Benjamin and Arthur Burdett is now registered as the Brookwood Hills Historic District.</p><br>
<p>In November 2011 the City of Atlanta began a project to repair damaged sidewalks and curbs in front of approximately 50 homes in the neighborhood.</p><br>
<h2>Brookwood Hills Community Club</h2><br>
<p>The hub of the community is the Brookwood Hills Community Club, which includes a park, pool, two pavilions, tennis courts, and basketball goals. Many neighborhood sponsored events like the Fourth of July parade and the annual Easter egg hunt take place here.</p><br>
<h2>Brookwood Hills Bullfrogs</h2><br>
<p>The Brookwood Hills pool hosts its own swim team. Their mascot is a bullfrog. This team competes in the Atlanta Swim Association summer league. They start practices in late April, and compete through the end of June or beginning of July. Every year, they compete at Georgia Tech for the Atlanta Swim Association championships. In 2013, Brookwood Hills won both their division and the overall championship title. More recently, Brookwood Hills won the Division 4 Championship in 2023 and 2022. They received second place in Division 4 in 2021.</p><br>
<h2>Notable current and past residents</h2><br>
<p>Vern Yip</p><br>
<p>Kathryn Stockett</p><br>
<p>Robert Shaw (conductor)</p><br>
<p>Ed Helms</p><br>
<p>Patrik Stefan</p><br>
<h2>Schools</h2><br>
<h3>Public</h3><br>
<p>Brookwood Hills is covered by Atlanta Public Schools, and is in the school attendance district of:</p><br>
<p>E. Rivers Elementary School</p><br>
<p>Sutton Middle School</p><br>
<p>North Atlanta High School</p><br>
<h3>Private</h3><br>
<p>Popular private schools in the area include:</p><br>
<p>Woodward Academy</p><br>
<p>The Westminster Schools</p><br>
<p>The Lovett School</p><br>
<p>Pace Academy</p><br>
<p>Christ the King Catholic School</p><br>
<p>The Galloway School</p><br>
<p>Holy Innocents&#39; Episcopal School</p><br>
<p>Marist School</p><br>
<p>Atlanta International School</p><br>
<p>Harpersfield Bridge is a covered bridge spanning the Grand River in Harpersfield Township, Ashtabula County, Ohio, United States. * Currently disassembled for renovation 2023 * This double-span Howe truss bridge, one of currently 17 drivable covered bridges in the county, is the third longest covered bridge in Ohio at 228 feet. A flood in 1913 washed away the land at the north end of the bridge, and the steel span was subsequently attached. The bridge features a walkway, added during its renovation in 1991–1992. The bridge also features an Ashtabula County MetroPark at its north end and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The bridge&#39;s WGCB number is 35-04-19, and it is located approximately 3.4 mi south of Geneva.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>1868 or 1873 – Bridge constructed</p><br>
<p>1913 – Northern part of land washed out, steel span added</p><br>
<p>1962 – Bypassed when State Route 534 was rerouted around the settlement of Harpersfield</p><br>
<p>1975 - Added to National Register of Historic Places</p><br>
<p>1991-1992 and 2022-2023 – Bridge renovated</p><br>
<h2>Dimensions</h2><br>
<p>Length: 228 ft</p><br>
<p>Overhead clearance: 12 ft</p><br>
<p>The Krause Music Store is a 1922 structure designed Louis Sullivan and is a National Historic Landmark Building. It is the last of the 126 buildings designed by Sullivan.</p><br>
<p>With its curvilinear plant-like forms and intricate framing of the picture window, the façade of this building is an outgrowth of Sullivans belief in organic architecture. It was commissioned in 1921 by William P. Krause to serve the dual purpose of a residence and a music shop, at a total cost of $22,000. Krause chose his neighbor, architect William Presto, to design the building (years earlier, Presto had worked as a draftsman for Louis Sullivan). Sullivan was asked by his former employee to design what would become the buildings green terra cotta façade. Sullivan, in ill health, living in a rented room, and insolvent, accepted the offer. Showcasing his expertise with terra cotta, Sullivan designed the ornamentation of the entire façade with geometric and curvilinear forms of nature. The material for the façade was furnished by the American Terra Cotta Company for $3,770.</p><br>
<p>The building was completed in 1922. The store opened to sell pianos and sheet music and was a pioneering retailer for the introduction of the radio. With the onset of the Great Depression, William Krause committed suicide in the family&#39;s apartment on the second floor. His widow rented and eventually sold the building to a funeral parlor. During the next 60 years, the building functioned as a funeral home, undergoing many alterations. The terra cotta façade was acid washed, which ultimately damaged and lightened its color. The basement was converted into a workspace for embalming the dead.</p><br>
<p>On September 20, 1977, the City of Chicago recognized the historic significance of the building and designated the façade as a Chicago Landmark. Thirteen years later, Scott Elliott opened Klemscott Galleries and restored the front of the building. By the turn of the new century, a gift shop called The Museum of Decorative Arts occupied the space.</p><br>
<p>In May 2005, the building was purchased by Pooja and Peter Vukosavich, who painstakingly restored the historic Sullivan façade and completed a modern renovation of the main floor for their company offices, Studio V Design – a marketing communications and design agency. The renovation has won several awards (including the Driehaus Foundation Award and the AIA award). In 2006, through the efforts of Peter and Pooja Vukosavich, the building was placed in the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>William P. Krause hired architect William Presto to design a music store with an apartment above. Presto in turn commissioned Sullivan to design the façade. The building was completed in 1922.</p><br>
<p>It was registered as a Chicago Landmark by the City of Chicago in 1977.</p><br>
<p>From roughly 1929, after Krause closed the music store, it was rented and operated as a Funeral Home.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, the building was purchased by Studio V Design, who had the façade restored and the interior renovated.</p><br>
<p>The Dalles Civic Auditorium is a historic building on the National Register of Historic Places located at the corner of Fourth and Federal streets in The Dalles, Oregon. It is currently owned by the Civic Auditorium Historic Preservation Committee, a non-profit corporation formed specifically for the purpose of purchasing it from the City of The Dalles to save it from scheduled demolition, restore it, and operate it as a local and regional cultural center.</p><br>
<p>"The Civic," as it is most commonly called, was once an important center of cultural and recreational activity for its community and region, and after more than a decade of dereliction and disuse, has been partially restored with plans in place for complete rehabilitation. The facility is becoming, once again, the site of public and private events.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Civic was designed by the Portland architectural firm of Houghtaling & Dougan, whose work includes the Jeffrey Center Building in Portland, and countless other prominent Oregon buildings, many still standing. The light tan brick building occupies nearly one-quarter of a city block, and is an example of the neoclassical style common to public and governmental buildings of its era, more frequently implemented in stone or concrete block construction.</p><br>
<p>In addition to its over 1100-seat auditorium proper (or theater), with balcony, which is still at the planning stage for restoration, the building also boasts a grand ballroom with "floating" hardwood floor with its own balcony (or mezzanine), a "fireside room," for meetings, and a gymnasium.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The site of the Civic Auditorium was the location of a livery stable which had operated since the 1870s. In 1921, the era of horse and buggy coming to a close, the property was purchased by the city in 1921 from Frank McCullough. Construction began the following year, and upon completion the Civic was dedicated as a memorial to the local veterans of World War I.</p><br>
<p>During its heyday, it was the venue for local cultural, entertainment, ceremonial, social, and recreational events ranging from concerts and theatricals to high school graduation ceremonies.</p><br>
<p>In the 1950s and early 1960s, it was operated by the city Parks & Recreation Department, who held indoor recreational activities and "sock hops," referred to as "Rec Dances," in its gymnasium for local youth. Toward the end of that era, the facility had largely fallen into disuse, the auditorium proper having been turned into a professional wrestling arena. It was ultimately condemned for safety reasons.</p><br>
<p>By the 1970s some initiatives were already beginning to be proposed to the city for its rehabilitation and reopening, but because of budgetary pressures, worsened by local economic conditions, none of these gained approval.</p><br>
<p>The renovation project currently underway, and as of 2006 approximately 50% accomplished, was one such proposal prepared for consideration by the city in 1984. By 1991, after over 20 years of disuse, the city decided it needed to be relieved of the burden of maintaining a derelict property, and demolition was scheduled. This, despite the building&#39;s status as a historical landmark, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The same year, a group of concerned citizens formed the non-profit corporation which raised the funds to purchase the property from the city, and undertook the project privately.</p><br>
<p>Clinton Arena, also known as Edward W. Stanley Recreation Center, is an indoor arena in Clinton , New York, United States, that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1948-49, the arena burned down on September 11, 1953. It was then rebuilt in 1954. It is built of concrete block and is two stories high. It consists of two blocks: the entrance block containing locker rooms and offices, and the ice hockey rink block. The roof uses a Pennsylvania Truss system for support.</p><br>
<p>It hosted the Eastern Hockey League&#39;s Clinton Comets from 1954 to 1973. In 1977, portions of the movie Slap Shot were filmed in the arena. The arena seats 2,000 people and additional 300 standing room. The rink currently hosts the Clinton Central School hockey program, Clinton Youth Hockey, and the Clinton Figure Skating Club. In December 2006 Clinton Arena hosted the first annual "Hockey town" event between Hamilton College and Utica College.</p><br>
<p>The Clinton Arena is also home to the Clinton Figure Skating Club. It is one of the oldest figure skating clubs in the country and one of the largest on the East Coast. The club began as an informal group in 1948 following the construction of the Clinton Arena in Clinton, New York. Two years later, on August 14, 1950, Edward W. Stanley, one of the pioneers of the arena, initiated the first contact with the United States Figure Skating Association.</p><br>
<p>On April 14, 2018, the Clinton Arena won the Kraft Hockeyville USA Grand Prize. The arena received $150,000 in rink upgrades and hosted an NHL pre-season game between the Buffalo Sabres and the Columbus Blue Jackets.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places February 17, 2010.</p><br>
<p>The Indiana Medical History Museum is an Indianapolis monument to the beginning of psychiatric medical research. It is located on the grounds of what was formerly Central Indiana Hospital for the Insane, later shortened to Central State Hospital. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 25, 1972, as the Old Pathology Building.</p><br>
<p>It is the United States&#39; oldest surviving pathology laboratory.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Central State Hospital administrator George F. Edenharter, who served in the position from 1893 to 1923, decided a building was required for pathology and hired Adolph Scherrer to be the architect of the project. The building was constructed in 1895 and opened as the Pathological Department of Central State Hospital. When constructed, the two-story brick building was considered "state of the art", with a 150-seat teaching amphitheater, bacteriological and chemical research facilities, and the hospital&#39;s morgue. It also contains an anatomical museum, autopsy room, library, mental research laboratories, and a photography room.</p><br>
<p>The Central College of Physicians and Surgeons and the Medical College of Indiana taught neurology and psychiatry in the building from 1900 to 1908. In 1905, both joined Purdue Universitys medical department as the "Indiana Medical College, the School of Medicine of Purdue University." In 1908 the Purdue School of Medicine was absorbed into the Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM). IUSM would continue to lecture in the building until 1956. Lecture topics included nervous system development, manic-depressive psychosis,&#39; insanity classification, and circulation of the brain and spinal cord. Students from nearby medical colleges traveled to the Old Pathology Building to view autopsies.</p><br>
<p>Central nervous system syphilis was the most significant subject studied at the building, especially in the 1920s and 1930, because the disease was the specialty of Walter Bruetsch and because the disease was so prevalent in facilities like Central State. Scientific psychiatry was diminishing in the 1930s, and most similar facilities in the United States closed by the 1940s, but Central State&#39;s facility was still being used in 1955. Most of the buildings of Central State Hospital were in poor condition and were torn down in the 1960s and 1970s. The old pathology building was still in excellent shape, and all its records remained usable because a few doctors used the buildings in a token manner just to state that it was still in use. In 1969, the Indiana Medical History Museum was established, using the old pathology building. Since 1984, the museum has been open to the public at least once a week.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Museum is a not-for-profit organization that collects various relics, with over 15,000 by 1994, all related to medical history rather than just pathological items. A gallery to show rotating themes opened in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The movie Eight Men Out filmed scenes in the library.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, the museum received a federal grant through the Indiana Department of Natural Resources of $44,100 to repair the plumbing within the building.</p><br>
<p>The Old Pathology Building was approved for a state historic marker in 2019 by the Indiana Historical Bureau, the marker was installed that same year in celebration of the 50th anniversary if the Museum&#39;s founding.</p><br>
<p>Glenisle, also known as Glen-Isle on the Platte and Glen Isle Resort, is a rustic-style resort hotel built at the turn of the 20th century. The hotel is located just off US Highway 285 in Bailey, Colorado, United States, and has been on the National Register of Historic Places since 1985.</p><br>
<p>The rustic main lodge building&#39;s most distinctive feature is a three-story round tower with a conical roof.</p><br>
<p>It is located on the bank of the North Fork of the South Platte River. It was deemed "significant as the last remaining turn-of-the-century resort hotel in the once popular South Platte Canyon west of Denver. It was constructed as a result of the railroad building and promotion that played a significant role in development throughout Colorado in the late 19th century. Real estate promotion and tourist development became an integral part of the expansion of passenger traffic, and the Colorado & Southern invested a significant amount of capital into the Platte Canyon for just such reasons. The Adirondack inspired rustic architecture of Glenisle and its neighboring resorts was a popular theme for turn-of-the-century inns in Colorado and Glenisle remains as one of the few good intact examples of the form."</p><br>
<p>The Counts House is a historic Greek Revival home in McHenry, Illinois. It is one of McHenrys oldest and most notable landmarks, as well as one of the finest preserved examples of Greek Revival architecture in McHenry County. It is the only building in the city of McHenry listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Although the exact date of construction and original owner of the Counts House are unknown, the building is believed to have been built prior to the Civil War. The plaque on the exterior denotes the house as having been completed circa 1860. The house has had a number private owners throughout its history, the most notable being Count Oskar Bopp von Oberstadt, an Austrian count for whom the house is named. For its architectural significance, the Counts House was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 3, 1982. A wrought iron fence was constructed around the entire perimeter of the property under new ownership in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Counts House is particularly distinct for its two faces, a very unusual feature for a Greek Revival. The north facade, facing Waukegan Road, consists of a portico with full two-story columns of the Doric order. The south facade, facing Main Street, consists of two-story loggia with an upper balcony and several intricate mouldings. The six-over-six windows, balustrades, columns, door surrounds, and nearly all of the exterior moldings appear to be original. The houses exterior walls consist of double-wythe brick, with double-hung windows over six and a half feet in height. The only known significant modifications to the house have been additions to its wing, the replacement of the column pedestals with brick, and the replacement of the original cedar shake with asphalt shingles. Aside from these discrepancies, an old postcard published in Historic Homes of McHenry County reveals that the house remains much as it appeared in the early 1900s, if not earlier.</p><br>
<p>Midway House, also known as Broken M Bar Ranch and Meyer Ranch, is an 1889 Queen Anne ranch house located near Aspen Park, Colorado. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The land now known as Meyer Ranch was homesteaded by the Duncan McIntyre family in the mid-19th century. Located near the Turkey Creek wagon road, they fed and lodged travelers.</p><br>
<p>The property was purchased in 1883 by Louis Ramboz, who had the house built in 1889 from lumber milled on the property. Midway House served as an overflow house for a stagecoach stop on the route from Denver to Fairplay, named because of its location midway between Denver and Bailey.</p><br>
<p>The ranch reportedly served as the winter quarters for animals of the P.T. Barnum Circus in the late 1880s, but there is no record of P.T. Barnum ever coming to Colorado. A board inscribed "Circus Town 1889" was found in the house during renovation in 1955.</p><br>
<p>After Ramboz, the ranch was owned by Ralph Kirkpatrick from 1912 to 1950 and run as a working ranch with a hillside cleared for skiing in the early 1940s. Skiers were transported from the road to the base of a single rope tow in horse-drawn sleighs. The ski area was known as Mount Lugo and, though it closed in 1942, the hills at Meyer Ranch are still enjoyed by cross-country and backcountry skiers.</p><br>
<p>In 1950, Norman and Ethel Meyer bought the ranch including Midway House. In 1959, they bought McIntyres original homestead. The Meyers sold 400 acre of their 600 acre ranch to Jefferson County Open Space in 1987, which opened Meyer Ranch Park to the public in 1989. The house remains in the Meyers ownership. As of September 2010, a preliminary agreement has been negotiated to conduct a feasibility study for the establishment of the house as a museum.</p><br>
<p>The location appeared on the pilot episode of the History Channel documentary series Mega Movers. It first aired on April 27, 2005, as a segment of the Modern Marvels episode "Mega Movers" (#337), which followed the move of a cabin and an 1870 hay and stock barn closer to the ranch house.</p><br>
<p>The Copper King Mansion, also known as the W. A. Clark Mansion, is a 34-room residence of Romanesque Revival Victorian architecture that was built from 1884 to 1888 as the Butte, Montana, residence of William Andrews Clark, one of Montana&#39;s three famous Copper Kings. The home features fresco painted ceilings, elegant parquets of rare imported wood, gas and electric chandeliers, ornate hand-carved fireplaces and stairways, and stained-glass windows. The mansion was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.</p><br>
<p>The Copper King Mansion has been privately owned, operated, and occupied by the Cote family since 1953. The home is operated as a bed and breakfast. Guided tours are available during the summer tourist season or by appointment during the winter months. The home underwent restoration in 2012.</p><br>
<p>The building of the Copper King Mansion is described in the bestselling biography of Clark&#39;s daughter, Huguette, Empty Mansions: The Mysterious Life of Huguette Clark and the Spending of a Great American Fortune by Bill Dedman and Paul Clark Newell, Jr.</p><br>
<p>Historic Huguenot Street is located in New Paltz, New York, approximately 90 mi north of New York City. The seven stone houses and several accompanying structures in the 10-acre National Landmark Historic District were likely built in the early 18th century by Huguenot settlers fleeing discrimination and religious persecution in France and what&#39;s now southern Belgium. After negotiating with the Esopus Indians, this small group of Huguenots settled on a flat rise on the banks of the Wallkill River in 1678. The settlers named the site in honor of Die Pfalz, the region of present-day Germany that had provided them temporary refuge before they came to America. Archaeological finds indicate that the immediate area settled by the Huguenots was occupied by Native Americans prior to European contact. The site is one of the oldest continuously inhabited settlements in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The house museums of Historic Huguenot Street are in their original village setting. The street has been included in the National Register of Historic Places since it was created in 1966, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the houses, the 10 acre site features a burying ground dating to the early 18th century, a reconstructed 1717 stone church, a visitor center, a library and archives, and spaces for other programming.</p><br>
<p>The site is owned and operated by Historic Huguenot Street, which was founded in 1894. In 1899, Historic Huguenot Street purchased the Jean Hasbrouck house as the first house museum on the street. In the 1950s and &#39;60s, the organization and related family associations purchased most of the remaining stone houses in the district and subsequently opened them as museums. These acquisitions were funded in large part by descendants of the original Huguenot founders. Their family associations play a key role in supporting the institution today.</p><br>
<p>In the 1980s, the organization began offering related educational and informative programming to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Individual houses</h2><br>
<h3>Bevier-Elting House</h3><br>
<p>Dating to the very early 18th century, the house was originally a one-room building built with the narrow or gable end facing the street—then the prevailing style of the low countries of Northern Europe. Two expansions were built later, as was a small cellar that was used to house African slaves. The house was built by the Bevier family, one of the founding families, and subsequently sold to the Dutch Elting family.</p><br>
<h3>Abraham Hasbrouck House</h3><br>
<p>The structure known as the Abraham Hasbrouck House was built in three phases in the 1720s and 30s. The first room of the house—the center room—was constructed in 1721 by Daniel Hasbrouck, the son of Abraham Hasbrouck the patentee. The date 1721 is based on recent dendrochronology, which is a process by which wooden structural members are dated. This house represents a New World innovation in Dutch-style architecture. The initial houses in the Dutch region of New York, such as New Amsterdam, Albany, and Kingston, were built in the tradition of Dutch cities, with the gable-ends to the street, which conserves street frontage. The basic structure of the house consists of a series of H-bents which spread the weight of the house across the entire expanse. The original one-room house exhibited several defining elements of Dutch architecture, the jambless fireplace being the principal and most recognized feature in the house. Recently re-opened to the public in July 2012 following a restoration and reinterpretation focusing on the life of Widow Wyntje.</p><br>
<h3>Jean Hasbrouck House</h3><br>
<p>Also built in 1721 by Jean&#39;s son Jacob (and perhaps incorporating elements of an early home built by New Paltz founder Jean Hasbrouck), this home is an excellent example of Hudson Valley Dutch architecture and the showpiece of Historic Huguenot Street. A National Historic Landmark in its own right, it boasts the only remaining original jambless fireplace of any of the Huguenot Street houses, and is one of the few surviving examples in what was formerly the New Netherland.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, the north wall of the house was carefully dismantled, repaired and reconstructed. Reproduction Dutch-style casement windows were installed. Interior restoration followed, resulting in a house that is an excellent example of how a comfortable family in the region lived in the mid-18th century.</p><br>
<h3>DuBois Fort</h3><br>
<p>Built ca 1705 for the DuBois family, it might have served as a fortified place for protection for the small community if needed. Originally a smaller 1 story structure, this building was expanded to its current size in the late 1830s. Some historians and antiquarians believe that the presence of "gun ports" made it a fort, but there is no evidence of the presence of any such portholes before the 19th century. The DuBois Fort currently serves as the orientation center and gift shop, as well as a location for special events. Guests can purchase their admission tickets and memberships at this building. Over the last 300 years, it has also been used as a residence and a restaurant.</p><br>
<h3>Freer House</h3><br>
<p>The Freer House is one of the six 18th-century stone houses owned by Historic Huguenot Street. It was altered in various points in its approximately 250 years of occupancy, with its most recent major alterations occurring in 1943 when it was purchased by Rev. John Wright Follette, a direct descendant of its original builder, Hugo Freer. Over the years, the interior was modernized into a 20th-century idea of a colonial home. This structure is not currently open to the public.</p><br>
<h3>Deyo House</h3><br>
<p>The original portion of the house was built around 1720 by Patentee Pierre Deyo. It began as a one-room house, was subsequently expanded to two rooms, and ultimately to three when a stone addition was added off the rear by Pierre&#39;s grandson Abraham. Circumstances for this house changed dramatically when, at the height of the Colonial Revival movement, two descendants of Pierre Deyo, Abraham and Gertrude Brodhead, inherited the house. Wanting to live on the street of their ancestors but also wanting a modern, gracious home that reflected their affluence, the Brodheads partially dismantled the original stone house and built a grand Queen Anne home around it in 1894. They also significantly changed their surrounding property, in essence changing a small, village farm into a handsomely appointed and landscaped mini-estate. The house first passed out of Deyo family ownership in 1915. It was a private home until 1971, when it was purchased by the Deyo Family Association and donated in order to be opened to the public as a house museum. The home was most recently restored in 2003 and features circa 1915 interiors.</p><br>
<p>The patentee Pierre Deyo died in 1700, so couldn&#39;t have built the house in 1720 as stated. Per the plaque mounted outside the house it was built in 1692.</p><br>
<h3>Crispell Memorial Walloon Church</h3><br>
<p>Since the community&#39;s founding, there have been four sanctuaries built on what is today called Huguenot Street. The French-speaking Protestants who settled New Paltz built their first church in 1683—a simple log building. This was replaced in 1717 with a straightforward, square stone building that reflected the permanence of the settlement. The existing building in the burying ground is a highly conjectural reconstruction of the 1717 building near its original location.</p><br>
<p>As the New Paltz community increased in size throughout the 18th century, a larger church became necessary. A second stone church was built down the street in 1772. When it became too small, it was demolished and replaced by a third church built in 1839. This church survives today and is home to an active Reformed congregation.</p><br>
<p>The reconstructed church is named in honor of Antoine Crispell, one of the twelve founders or patentees of New Paltz. It was built as the result of a fundraising campaign led by the Crispell Family Association. The Crispell Family Foundation opted to create this reconstructed church in their ancestor&#39;s honor. It was completed in 1972.</p><br>
<p>The 1717 church was designed to reflect Reform thinking: the pulpit was placed in a central location, and the pews were placed so that everyone could see and hear more equally. This expressed the concept that each person had a direct relationship with God, rather than one mediated through a church hierarchy.</p><br>
<h3>LeFevre House</h3><br>
<p>Built in 1799 by Ezekiel Elting, a prosperous merchant who was born in the Bevier-Elting House, this stone and brick building is quite different from the earlier stone houses on Huguenot Street. Its Georgian-style architecture reflects the transition of New Paltz from a French and Dutch settlement to an Anglo-American community, and increasing refinement in architecture in this period as settlements matured. The house shows the changes in architectural style from the early 18th century. This house reflects the several changes in the society and home life of New Paltz in the early 19th century.</p><br>
<h3>Deyo Hall</h3><br>
<p>Formerly a glass factory, Deyo Hall is the site of event and meeting facilities and public restrooms. Collections storage is also housed in this building.</p><br>
<h3>Roosa House Library and Archives</h3><br>
<p>Located in the Roosa House, the Library and Archives at Historic Huguenot Street is a research facility devoted primarily to the history and genealogy of the Huguenot and Dutch Settlers of the Hudson Valley. It also functions as a general repository for local history, regardless of ethnicity or religious persuasion. The collections consist of family genealogies, church, cemetery and bible records, wills and deeds, census records, genealogical periodicals, county histories, and publications relating to Huguenot ancestry. Genealogists, local historians, and other interested parties can access the collections by appointment. The colorful paint replicates the original colors of the house in 1891.</p><br>
<h3>Native American presence on Huguenot Street</h3><br>
<p>Historians and archeologists have learned more about the continuing relations between the Esopus, the original inhabitants of the area, and the Huguenots. Some results of research can be found at the HHS site at. The "Before Hudson" exhibit, currently on view at the DuBois Fort Visitor Center, shows some of the highlights of archaeological excavation in our area with artifacts dating back 6,000-8,000 years ago.</p><br>
<h3>Slavery in New Paltz</h3><br>
<p>The historical record of slavery in New Paltz begins in 1674, three years before its founding, when Louis DuBois purchased two African slaves at a public auction held in Kingston (then called Esopus). The two slaves ran away the following spring and were captured in the colony by Lewis Morris of Barbados. From 1675 to 1680, Morris and DuBois engaged in a lengthy custody battle for the two slaves.</p><br>
<p>Settlers continued to buy slaves to serve as laborers in New Paltz to support the settlements growth. The Deyo family bought slaves in 1680 and 1694. Throughout the next 125 years, historical records of the settlement included references to slaves. In 1703, the population included nine slaves out of a total of 130 residents. Jean and Jacob Hasbrouck owned several slaves; they were named in Jeans will as "Gerritt," "James," and "Molly." By 1755, slavery was a well-established part of the New Paltz community: the census from that year lists 28 slave holders, who collectively owned 78 slaves over the age of 14 years. The majority of slave holders (82%) owned between one and four slaves, and used them as domestic servants and farm laborers.</p><br>
<p>The overall population of New Paltz grew rapidly to 2,309 in 1790, by when 77 slave holders owned a total of 302 slaves, or 13% of the population. For more information pertaining to slavery in New Paltz, visit. HHS also has an online exhibit called</p><br>
<p>The Sioux City Municipal Auditorium, known as the Long Lines Family Recreation Center or Long Lines Auditorium for sponsorship reasons, is a multi-purpose facility in Sioux City, Iowa. The fifth in a line of major indoor venues built in Sioux City, it was designed by Knute E. Westerlind in 1938 and finally completed after many delays in 1950. In the building&#39;s original form, it was an arena that seated up to 3,500 people. In 2003, the building was replaced by the Tyson Events Center, built around the northeast corner of the Municipal Auditorium. The building was then converted to its current use as a recreation center while preserving the exterior building. The converted arena was originally named Long Lines Family Recreation Center, though in 2023 the building added the Long Lines Auditorium signing to the southeast entrance and inside the auditorium. The auditorium is referred to as either name.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>For countless generations, the Native American residents at the confluence of the Big Sioux River with the Missouri River held their ceremonies, performances, and sporting events primarily outdoors, without need of specialized structures. The fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien in 1830 forced them to leave Iowa, and forty years later the new White residents built the first in a series of five major indoor venues for Sioux City: the Academy of Music of 1870, the Peavey Grand Opera House of 1888, the Old Municipal Auditorium of 1909, this one completed in 1950, and Gateway Arena of 2003.</p><br>
<p>The Academy of Music was located between Pierce and Douglas Streets on the southern side of Fourth Street. Designed by local architect H.O. Ball and erected by the firm of Sharp and Beck, it employed cast iron columns, a brick exterior, and terra cotta. The first floor included the city post office and commercial space, with an 800-seat performance space on the second floor. As the citys only large hall, it held high school graduations, theatrical performances, concerts, and speeches, including at least two by Susan B. Anthony speaking on behalf of womens suffrage. The building ended its life as part of the growing Davidson Brothers Department Store, and was demolished in 1910 to make way for a better structure for the store.</p><br>
<p>The Peavey Grand Opera House was built in 1888, and "this elegant facility replaced the Academy of Music as the citys cultural center". The limitations of the Academy of Music were clear by 1881, but it wasnt until it was combined with the desire for a new chamber of commerce building that it became a viable project. Architects James W. Martin and Oscar Cobb joined forces to design the resulting Romanesque revival building with a mansard roof, located on the northwest corner of Fourth and Jones Streets. A bank and a drug store occupied either side of the theater lobby on the first floor, while the chamber of commerce, local weather bureau, real estate and other offices filled the upper floors. The opera hall itself was in back, and seated over 1300 in lavish style. During its heyday, Sarah Bernhardt, "the most famous actress the world has ever known", and Edwin Booth, the greatest Hamlet of the 19th Century, each played the Peavey. After 1909 the hall was no longer in demand, and the deteriorating hall was eventually relegated to Hans Espersons auto repair garage, while the elegant front offices housed the seedy Grand Hotel and Harry Zanfes Cafe. The whole thing went up in flames on November 3, 1931.</p><br>
<p>The Old Municipal Auditorium of 1909 was built on the southwest corner of Seventh and Douglas Streets, directly across Douglas from the site where construction would begin seven years later on the outstanding Woodbury County Courthouse. Designed by architect George W. Burkhead, this was the first of the buildings dedicated exclusively to the performance hall. Its most distinctive features are the pediment high over the main entrance, above the brick cornice, and prominent keystones over the entrances. It was undistinguished architecturally; soon after its construction, The Western Architect characterized it as "an ugly, barn-like structure dignified by the name of Auditorium." It was the home of television station KCAU-TV (original call letters KVTV) from 1955 until early 2017.</p><br>
<p>For over 50 years, the auditorium routinely hosted graduations, concerts, and sporting events, including the Sioux City Symphony Orchestra and (since 1972) the Sioux City Musketeers ice hockey team. Until 1982 it served as the home arena for the Briar Cliff College Chargers. Among those appearing on its stage were Elvis Presley, Robert Plant, Richard M. Nixon, John F. Kennedy and Van Cliburn.</p><br>
<p>In 2001, the Sioux City Symphony moved to the newly restored Orpheum Theater, and in 2003 the venue was replaced for large concerts and sporting events by Gateway Arena. The new Events Center was built around to the northwest corner of the Municipal Auditorium, with doors added to connect the buildings. Part of the former Municipal Auditorium is used by the Events Center for storage, and the dressing rooms are still being used for Events Center acts. A historical preservation group wanted to maintain the history of the arena and decided to use it for recreation, naming it the Long Lines Family Recreation Center, being sponsored by Long Lines. Among other attractions, the center offers volleyball and basketball courts, a batting cage, and a climbing wall; and hosts weddings, receptions, and other events.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building is rich in details, including relief sculptures of stylized Native Americans on the northern exterior, and a number of terra cotta panels on the southern exterior, each depicting a person involved in a sporting or musical activity. There are inscriptions above the entrances: the one on the west reads "There is No Greater Conquest Than That of Self", while the one on the east reads "Art at Its Highest and Nature at Its Truest are One".</p><br>
